arXiv:2509.23126cs.LG2025-09被引 1

用流匹配方法解决表格数据缺失问题,更稳定高效。

Impute-MACFM: Imputation based on Mask-Aware Flow Matching

  • 基于掩码感知的流匹配框架,仅对缺失值建模轨迹。
  • 在多个基准上优于现有方法,生成质量更高且推理更快。
  • 适合医疗纵向数据等复杂缺失场景,尤其缺失机制未知时。

表格数据在众多应用中至关重要,尤其在医疗纵向数据中缺失值常见,影响模型准确性和可靠性。现有插补方法或假设过强,或难以处理复杂的跨特征结构;近期生成式方法存在不稳定和推理成本高的问题。我们提出 Impute-MACFM,一种基于掩码感知条件流匹配的表格插补框架,可应对完全随机缺失(MCAR)、随机缺失(MAR)和非随机缺失(MNAR)三种机制。其掩码感知目标仅在缺失项上构建轨迹,同时约束观测项上的预测速度接近零,采用灵活的非线性调度。Impute-MACFM结合三项设计:(i) 观测位置的稳定性惩罚,(ii) 一致性正则化以保证局部不变性,(iii) 针对数值特征的时间衰减噪声注入。推理阶段使用保持约束的常微分方程积分,并每步投影修复观测值,可选多轨迹聚合提升鲁棒性。在多个基准测试中,Impute-MACFM达到当前最优性能,相较其他方法更具鲁棒性、效率更高、插补质量更好,确立了流匹配在表格缺失数据问题中的潜力,尤其适用于纵向数据。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Tabular data are central to many applications, especially longitudinal data in healthcare, where missing values are common, undermining model fidelity and reliability. Prior imputation methods either impose restrictive assumptions or struggle with complex cross-feature structure, while recent generative approaches suffer from instability and costly inference. We propose Impute-MACFM, a mask-aware conditional flow matching framework for tabular imputation that addresses missingness mechanisms, missing completely at random, missing at random, and missing not at random. Its mask-aware objective builds trajectories only on missing entries while constraining predicted velocity to remain near zero on observed entries, using flexible nonlinear schedules. Impute-MACFM combines: (i) stability penalties on observed positions, (ii) consistency regularization enforcing local invariance, and (iii) time-decayed noise injection for numeric features. Inference uses constraint-preserving ordinary differential equation integration with per-step projection to fix observed values, optionally aggregating multiple trajectories for robustness. Across diverse benchmarks, Impute-MACFM achieves state-of-the-art results while delivering more robust, efficient, and higher-quality imputation than competing approaches, establishing flow matching as a promising direction for tabular missing-data problems, including longitudinal data.

表格插补流匹配缺失数据医疗数据

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