arXiv:2509.23413cs.LG2025-09中稿 · ICML被引 12

一个模型搞定110种车辆路径问题,无需微调就能应对新变体。

URS: A Unified Neural Routing Solver for Cross-Problem Zero-Shot Generalization

  • 用统一数据表示替代问题分类,减少对领域知识依赖。
  • 在99个未见的车辆路径问题上保持高质量解,最大支持7000节点。
  • 适合需要快速适配多种物流优化场景的研究与工业应用。

多任务神经路由求解器因其能用单一模型解决多种车辆路径问题(VRPs)而备受关注。然而,现有方法通常依赖预定义问题约束或需针对每类问题微调,严重限制了其对未见VRP变体的零样本泛化能力。为此,我们提出统一神经路由求解器URS,首次实现单模型在超过100种VRP变体上的零样本泛化。我们设计统一数据表示(UDR),将问题枚举替换为数据统一,扩大问题覆盖范围并降低对领域知识的依赖。同时引入混合偏置模块(MBM)改进编码阶段节点嵌入,高效捕捉多种问题固有先验。在此基础上,构建问题条件参数生成器进一步提升零样本性能。大量实验表明,URS在110种VRP变体(含99种未见变体)上持续生成高质量解,并可扩展至最大7000节点的大规模实例。据我们所知,URS是首个实现此能力的神经求解器。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Multi-task neural routing solvers have emerged as a promising paradigm for their ability to solve multiple vehicle routing problems (VRPs) using a single model. However, existing neural solvers typically rely on predefined problem constraints or require per-problem fine-tuning, which substantially limits their zero-shot generalization ability to unseen VRP variants. To address this critical bottleneck, we propose URS, a unified neural routing solver that achieves zero-shot generalization across a wide range of unseen VRPs with a single model. We propose a unified data representation (UDR) that replaces problem enumeration with data unification, thereby broadening the problem coverage and reducing reliance on domain expertise. In addition, we introduce a mixed bias module (MBM) during encoding to improve node embeddings, which efficiently captures multiple priors inherent to various problems. On top of the UDR, we develop a problem-conditioned parameter generator to further improve zero-shot generalization. Extensive experiments show that URS consistently produces high-quality solutions for 110 VRP variants (including 99 unseen variants) while demonstrating impressive scalability to large-scale instances with up to 7000 nodes. To the best of our knowledge, URS is the first neural solver to handle over 100 VRP variants with a single model. Our code is available at https://github.com/CIAM-Group/URS.

神经求解零样本泛化车辆路径统一建模

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