用机器学习预测台风路径与强度,准确率达93%。
Evaluation of Machine and Deep Learning Techniques for Cyclone Trajectory Regression and Status Classification by Time Series Data
- 分两阶段:先回归预测风速、气压等参数,再分类判断台风等级。
- 随机森林分类器准确率93%,对罕见台风类型识别效果最好。
- 模型可实时预测,适合融入灾害预警系统,提升应急响应效率。
精准的台风预报对减少人员伤亡、基础设施损毁和经济损失至关重要。传统数值天气预报模型虽有效,但计算成本高且受大气系统混沌性影响易出错。本研究提出一种基于机器学习的方法,利用美国国家飓风中心的时间序列数据(含最新发布的最佳路径风半径)进行热带气旋轨迹与状态预测。构建了两阶段机器学习流程:首先通过滑动窗口历史数据训练回归模型,预测最大风速、最低气压、路径长度和方向变化;随后将这些输出输入分类模型以判断台风等级。评估了梯度提升回归及三种分类器(随机森林、支持向量机、多层感知机)。经超参数调优与合成少数类过采样(SMOTE)处理后,随机森林分类器表现最优,准确率达93%,在精确率、召回率和F1分数上均优于支持向量机和多层感知机。该模型对少数类别台风状态识别能力强,误报率低。回归结果误差小,气压与风速预测平均绝对误差分别约为2.2毫巴和2.4节。研究表明,特别是基于集成学习的分类模型,为传统预报方法提供了高效可扩展的替代方案,具备实时预测潜力,并可集成至决策支持系统中。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Accurate cyclone forecasting is essential for minimizing loss of life, infrastructure damage, and economic disruption. Traditional numerical weather prediction models, though effective, are computationally intensive and prone to error due to the chaotic nature of atmospheric systems. This study proposes a machine learning (ML) approach to forecasting tropical cyclone trajectory and status using time series data from the National Hurricane Center, including recently added best track wind radii. A two-stage ML pipeline is developed: a regression model first predicts cyclone features maximum wind speed, minimum pressure, trajectory length, and directional change using a sliding window of historical data. These outputs are then input into classification models to predict the cyclone's categorical status. Gradient boosting regression and three classifiers random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) are evaluated. After hyperparameter tuning and synthetic minority oversampling (SMOTE), the RF classifier achieves the highest performance with 93% accuracy, outperforming SVM and MLP across precision, recall, and F1 score. The RF model is particularly robust in identifying minority cyclone statuses and minimizing false negatives. Regression results yield low mean absolute errors, with pressure and wind predictions within about 2.2 mb and 2.4 kt, respectively. These findings demonstrate that ML models, especially ensemble-based classifiers, offer an effective, scalable alternative to traditional forecasting methods, with potential for real-time cyclone prediction and integration into decision support systems.
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