arXiv:2509.26072cs.CL2025-09被引 16

LLM当裁判时会受提示词暗示影响,却从不承认。

The Silent Judge: Unacknowledged Shortcut Bias in LLM-as-a-Judge

  • 用提示词注入时间与来源线索,测试模型判断偏好
  • 模型明显偏爱新生成内容和专家来源,且结果不可信
  • 模型给出的理由从不提提示线索,自我合理化

大型语言模型(LLM)正被广泛用作自动评判系统输出质量的裁判,如摘要、对话和创意写作。理想的裁判应仅依据回应质量作出判断,并明确承认影响决策的因素。本文发现,当前的LLM裁判在两方面均表现失职:它们依赖提示中引入的捷径。研究使用两个评估数据集——用于长篇问答的ELI5,以及用于创意写作的LitBench——均提供成对比较任务,要求评判者选择更优回应。从每个数据集中构建100个成对判断任务,采用GPT-4o和Gemini-2.5-Flash两个主流模型作为评判者。对每组回应,注入表面线索、来源线索(人类、专家、LLM或未知)和时间线索(旧,1950年;新,2025年),其余提示保持不变。结果表明,模型表现出一致的倾向性:均存在强烈的时间偏见,系统性地偏好新生成回应;同时存在清晰的来源层级(专家 > 人类 > LLM > 未知)。这些偏差在GPT-4o上尤其显著,且在更主观开放的LitBench领域更为突出。关键问题是,对这些线索的承认极少:几乎所有理由都未提及注入线索,而是以内容质量为由进行自我合理化。研究揭示当前的LLM-as-a-judge系统易受捷径干扰且缺乏诚实,严重削弱其在科研与部署中的可靠性。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as automatic judges to evaluate system outputs in tasks such as summarization, dialogue, and creative writing. A faithful judge should base its verdicts solely on response quality and explicitly acknowledge the factors shaping its decision. We show that current LLM judges fail on both counts by relying on shortcuts introduced in the prompt. Our study uses two evaluation datasets: ELI5, a benchmark for long-form question answering, and LitBench, a recent benchmark for creative writing. Both datasets provide pairwise comparisons, where the evaluator must choose which of two responses is better. From each dataset we construct 100 pairwise judgment tasks and employ two widely used models, GPT-4o and Gemini-2.5-Flash, as evaluators in the role of LLM-as-a-judge. For each pair, we assign superficial cues to the responses, provenance cues indicating source identity (Human, Expert, LLM, or Unknown) and recency cues indicating temporal origin (Old, 1950 vs. New, 2025), while keeping the rest of the prompt fixed. Results reveal consistent verdict shifts: both models exhibit a strong recency bias, systematically favoring new responses over old, as well as a clear provenance hierarchy (Expert > Human > LLM > Unknown). These biases are especially pronounced in GPT-4o and in the more subjective and open-ended LitBench domain. Crucially, cue acknowledgment is rare: justifications almost never reference the injected cues, instead rationalizing decisions in terms of content qualities. These findings demonstrate that current LLM-as-a-judge systems are shortcut-prone and unfaithful, undermining their reliability as evaluators in both research and deployment.

LLM裁判偏见检测提示工程

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