arXiv:2510.01259cs.CLcs.AI2025-10

研究大模型拒绝行为如何被语言策略绕过,揭示安全漏洞与评估偏差。

In AI Sweet Harmony: Sociopragmatic Guardrail Bypasses and Evaluation-Awareness in OpenAI gpt-oss-20b

  • 用角色扮演和话术设计诱导模型突破安全限制,成功率从0%升至97.5%
  • 德语、法语正式语体比英语更易泄露信息,终端角色扮演可绕过开发规则
  • 发现评估标准不一致,且官方过滤器漏检率达5-10个百分点,适合安全研究者

我们对 OpenAI 公开权重的 200 亿参数模型 gpt-oss-20b 进行探测,研究社会语用框架、语言选择与指令层级如何影响其拒绝行为。在每种场景下进行 80 次种子迭代,测试了包括 ZIP-炸弹构建(网络威胁)、合成卡号生成、危险驾驶建议、药物前体线索以及 RAG 上下文外泄等危害领域。复合提示通过教师人设、安全预设(“应避免什么”)和步骤引导,使 ZIP-炸弹任务的协助率从 0% 提升至 97.5%。在测试中,德语与法语正式语体常比对应英语提示更易泄露信息。以“Linux 终端”角色扮演可覆盖开发者不暴露上下文的规则,在多数运行中成功绕过。我们提出一种 AI 辅助加固方法,将泄漏率降至 0%。此外,采用配对评估设计,测量“帮助性”与“危害性”提示间的框架依赖差异,发现 13% 的配对出现协助不一致。最后,发现 OpenAI Moderation API 对实际有帮助输出的捕捉率低于语义评分器,且不同推理栈的拒绝率相差 5 至 10 个百分点,引发可复现性问题。相关提示、种子、输出与代码已开源,供可重复审计:https://github.com/ndurner/gpt-oss-rt-run。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

We probe OpenAI's open-weights 20-billion-parameter model gpt-oss-20b to study how sociopragmatic framing, language choice, and instruction hierarchy affect refusal behavior. Across 80 seeded iterations per scenario, we test several harm domains including ZIP-bomb construction (cyber threat), synthetic card-number generation, minor-unsafe driving advice, drug-precursor indicators, and RAG context exfiltration. Composite prompts that combine an educator persona, a safety-pretext ("what to avoid"), and step-cue phrasing flip assistance rates from 0% to 97.5% on a ZIP-bomb task. On our grid, formal registers in German and French are often leakier than matched English prompts. A "Linux terminal" role-play overrides a developer rule not to reveal context in a majority of runs with a naive developer prompt, and we introduce an AI-assisted hardening method that reduces leakage to 0% in several user-prompt variants. We further test evaluation awareness with a paired-track design and measure frame-conditioned differences between matched "helpfulness" and "harmfulness" evaluation prompts; we observe inconsistent assistance in 13% of pairs. Finally, we find that the OpenAI Moderation API under-captures materially helpful outputs relative to a semantic grader, and that refusal rates differ by 5 to 10 percentage points across inference stacks, raising reproducibility concerns. We release prompts, seeds, outputs, and code for reproducible auditing at https://github.com/ndurner/gpt-oss-rt-run .

模型安全提示攻击评估偏差

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