用预设基函数表示,高效学习偏微分方程解映射。
Prescribed-Basis Coefficient-to-Coefficient Neural Operator for Partial Differential Equations
- 用固定基函数编码输入输出,避免学习神经基函数
- 在椭圆、高维及不规则采样问题上精度接近最优,参数量减少
- 适合处理非对齐、散点观测数据,训练成本低
算子学习为偏微分方程解算提供数据驱动方法,但其性能高度依赖输入输出函数的表达方式。点值表示会导致网络依赖网格且维度高;基于快照的POD/PCA降维需数据对齐且需额外基构造;学习型表示则引入额外可训练编码器、解码器或神经基函数。本文提出固定基系数到系数网络(FB-C2CNet),在预设、与数据无关的逼近空间中学习PDE解映射,使用如有限元、随机特征或径向基函数等预设基作为函数编码器和解码器。输入通过正则化最小二乘投影至基,神经网络将输入系数映射到输出系数,固定解码器可在任意目标位置重构解。该方法分离基选择与网络训练,避免神经基学习与快照基提取,降低可训练映射维度,减少训练开销。结合合适预设基,还能处理散点、非对齐及样本相关观测。我们分析了正则化系数编码的稳定性-偏差权衡,以及由输出空间决定的固有投影误差。在椭圆型、非线性时变、弱解、高维及反演斯托克斯边界恢复问题上的实验表明,该方法在保持竞争力精度的同时,显著降低可训练参数量与训练成本,适用于高分辨率和不规则采样数据。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Operator learning provides a data-driven approach to approximating solution operators of partial differential equations, but its effectiveness depends strongly on how input and output functions are represented. Point-value representations can make the trainable map mesh-dependent and high-dimensional; snapshot-based POD/PCA reductions require aligned data and basis construction, while learned representations introduce additional trainable encoders, decoders, or neural bases. We propose the Fixed-Basis Coefficient-to-Coefficient Network (FB-C2CNet), which learns PDE solution maps in fixed, data-independent approximation spaces using prescribed bases as function encoders and decoders. Input observations are encoded by regularized least-squares projection onto bases such as finite element, random-feature, or radial-basis-function bases. A neural network maps the resulting input coefficients to output coefficients, and the fixed decoder reconstructs the solution at arbitrary target locations. This separation of basis selection from network training avoids neural basis learning and snapshot-based basis extraction, reduces the dimension of the trainable map, and lowers training cost. With suitable prescribed bases, FB-C2CNet also accommodates scattered, non-aligned, and sample-dependent observations. We analyze the stability--bias trade-off of regularized coefficient encoding and the intrinsic projection error determined by the output space. Experiments on elliptic, nonlinear time-dependent, weak-solution, high-dimensional, and inverse Stokes boundary-recovery problems demonstrate competitive accuracy with reduced trainable dimension and training cost, including for high-resolution and irregularly sampled data.
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