arXiv:2510.10947cs.CV2025-10被引 2

提出无需校准的分布偏移检测方法,可实时识别生成模型在异常数据上的幻觉风险。

Towards Distribution-Shift Uncertainty Estimation for Inverse Problems with Generative Priors

  • 基于测量扰动下的重建稳定性差异,构建实例级分布偏移指标。
  • 在仅训练'0'数字的模型上,对其他数字重建误差和波动显著升高。
  • 适合部署在医疗成像等需低剂量采样的安全关键场景。

生成模型作为数据驱动先验,在解决逆问题(如从欠采样测量中重建医学图像)方面展现出强大潜力。尽管这些先验能以更少测量提升重建质量,但在测试图像偏离训练分布时可能产生幻觉。现有不确定性量化方法存在三类缺陷:(i) 需要分布内校准数据集,可能不可用;(ii) 提供的是启发式而非统计量化的估计;(iii) 量化的是模型容量或测量限制的不确定性,而非分布偏移。本文提出一种实例级、免校准的不确定性指标,对分布偏移敏感,无需了解训练分布,且无需重训练。核心假设是:分布内图像在随机测量扰动下重建保持稳定,而分布外(OOD)图像则表现出更大不稳定性。我们以该稳定性作为分布偏移的代理指标。该方法可高效应用于任意计算成像逆问题;我们在仅用数字'0'训练的近端网络上进行断层扫描重建实验,评估所有十位数字。结果表明,对分布外数字的重建波动更大,误差更高,验证了该指标的有效性。这些结果提示一种部署策略:将生成先验与轻量级防护机制结合,可在分布内实现激进采样减少的同时,自动警示分布外应用风险。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Generative models have shown strong potential as data-driven priors for solving inverse problems such as reconstructing medical images from undersampled measurements. While these priors improve reconstruction quality with fewer measurements, they risk hallucinating features when test images lie outside the training distribution. Existing uncertainty quantification methods in this setting (i) require an in-distribution calibration dataset, which may not be available, (ii) provide heuristic rather than statistical estimates, or (iii) quantify uncertainty from model capacity or limited measurements rather than distribution shift. We propose an instance-level, calibration-free uncertainty indicator that is sensitive to distribution shift, requires no knowledge of the training distribution, and incurs no retraining cost. Our key hypothesis is that reconstructions of in-distribution images remain stable under random measurement variations, while reconstructions of out-of-distribution (OOD) images exhibit greater instability. We use this stability as a proxy for detecting distribution shift. Our proposed OOD indicator is efficiently computable for any computational imaging inverse problem; we demonstrate it on tomographic reconstruction of MNIST digits, where a learned proximal network trained only on digit "0" is evaluated on all ten digits. Reconstructions of OOD digits show higher variability and correspondingly higher reconstruction error, validating this indicator. These results suggest a deployment strategy that pairs generative priors with lightweight guardrails, enabling aggressive measurement reduction for in-distribution cases while automatically warning when priors are applied out of distribution.

逆问题生成模型不确定性估计分布偏移

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