扩散模型难以准确按文本计数生成,研究发现噪声初始值影响更大,并提出改进方法提升准确性。
Demystifying Numerosity in Diffusion Models -- Limitations and Remedies
- 通过构造两个合成数据集,系统评估了模型规模与数据量对计数能力的影响
- 大模型和大数据无法提升计数准确率,因模型依赖噪声初始化而非文本提示
- 在噪声中注入计数感知布局信息,显著提升生成计数准确性,适合图像生成研究者
当前先进的文生图模型如FLUX和GPT-4o在遵循文本中的数量指令时表现不佳。本文探讨一个基本却常被忽视的问题:仅通过扩大数据集和模型规模,扩散模型能否内在地生成符合文本指定数量的对象?为实现严谨可复现的评估,我们构建了一个干净的合成计数基准,包含两个互补数据集:GrayCount250用于控制性缩放研究,NaturalCount6包含复杂自然场景。实验表明,扩展策略无效:更大的模型和数据集无法提升计数准确性。分析发现,扩散模型严重依赖噪声初始化,而非文本中的明确数量。我们观察到噪声先验存在特定计数偏好。为此,提出一种新策略:在噪声先验中注入计数感知布局信息。该方法在GrayCount250上将准确率从20.0%提升至85.3%,在NaturalCount6上从74.8%提升至86.3%,展现出良好泛化能力。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Numerosity remains a challenge for state-of-the-art text-to-image generation models like FLUX and GPT-4o, which often fail to accurately follow counting instructions in text prompts. In this paper, we aim to study a fundamental yet often overlooked question: Can diffusion models inherently generate the correct number of objects specified by a textual prompt simply by scaling up the dataset and model size? To enable rigorous and reproducible evaluation, we construct a clean synthetic numerosity benchmark comprising two complementary datasets: GrayCount250 for controlled scaling studies, and NaturalCount6 featuring complex naturalistic scenes. Second, we empirically show that the scaling hypothesis does not hold: larger models and datasets alone fail to improve counting accuracy on our benchmark. Our analysis identifies a key reason: diffusion models tend to rely heavily on the noise initialization rather than the explicit numerosity specified in the prompt. We observe that noise priors exhibit biases toward specific object counts. In addition, we propose an effective strategy for controlling numerosity by injecting count-aware layout information into the noise prior. Our method achieves significant gains, improving accuracy on GrayCount250 from 20.0\% to 85.3\% and on NaturalCount6 from 74.8\% to 86.3\%, demonstrating effective generalization across settings.
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