arXiv:2510.11277cs.CLcs.AI2025-10被引 1

面对证据稀缺的实时假新闻,动态选择判断策略提升检测准确率。

Towards Real-Time Fake News Detection under Evidence Scarcity

  • 根据证据充分性动态切换三种判断方式:证据、推理、情感。
  • 在真实新闻数据集上比现有方法准确率提升12.3%,泛化能力显著增强。
  • 适合需要快速响应的新闻平台与舆情监控系统使用。

假新闻检测在实时场景下尤为困难,因新兴事件常缺乏足够支持证据。现有方法过度依赖外部证据,在证据稀缺时难以泛化。为此,我们提出评估感知的专家选择框架EASE,其根据可用证据的充分性动态调整决策流程。EASE采用三重独立视角的序列评估机制:(1) 基于证据的评估,仅当证据充分支持时才纳入决策;(2) 基于推理的评估,利用大语言模型的世界知识,但仅在可靠性达标时启用;(3) 基于情感的后备机制,当证据与推理均不可靠时启用。为提升评估准确性,EASE通过伪标签指令微调,引导每个评估器以可解释推理来体现其专长。专家模块将评估结果与新闻内容融合,实现评估感知的决策,从而提高整体检测精度。此外,我们构建了新基准RealTimeNews-25,用于评估模型在证据有限的新兴新闻上的泛化能力。大量实验表明,EASE不仅在多个基准上达到当前最优性能,还在实时新闻上显著提升泛化能力。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Fake news detection becomes particularly challenging in real-time scenarios, where emerging events often lack sufficient supporting evidence. Existing approaches often rely heavily on external evidence and therefore struggle to generalize under evidence scarcity. To address this issue, we propose Evaluation-Aware Selection of Experts (EASE), a novel framework for real-time fake news detection that dynamically adapts its decision-making process according to the assessed sufficiency of available evidence. EASE introduces a sequential evaluation mechanism comprising three independent perspectives: (1) Evidence-based evaluation, which assesses evidence and incorporates it into decision-making only when the evidence is sufficiently supportive; (2) Reasoning-based evaluation, which leverages the world knowledge of large language models (LLMs) and applies them only when their reliability is adequately established; and (3) Sentiment-based fallback, which integrates sentiment cues when neither evidence nor reasoning is reliable. To enhance the accuracy of evaluation processes, EASE employs instruction tuning with pseudo labels to guide each evaluator in justifying its perspective-specific knowledge through interpretable reasoning. Furthermore, the expert modules integrate the evaluators' justified assessments with the news content to enable evaluation-aware decision-making, thereby enhancing overall detection accuracy. Moreover, we introduce RealTimeNews-25, a new benchmark comprising recent news for evaluating model generalization on emerging news with limited evidence. Extensive experiments demonstrate that EASE not only achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple benchmarks, but also significantly improves generalization to real-time news. The code and dataset are available: https://github.com/wgyhhhh/EASE.

假新闻检测实时分析大模型应用

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