arXiv:2510.11822cs.AI2025-10被引 18

解决大模型评估中的趋同偏差,提升判断准确性

Beyond Consensus: Mitigating the Agreeableness Bias in LLM Judge Evaluations

  • 提出少数否决策略,降低大模型评估的偏见影响
  • 在代码反馈任务中将误差降至1.2%,较集成方法提升一倍
  • 适合需要高精度评估的模型选型与评测场景

新大型语言模型每几周就出现一批,应用开发者面临是否切换模型的难题。尽管人工评估仍是黄金标准,但成本高且难以扩展。当前主流方法是使用大模型作为评估者(LLM-as-a-judge),但存在严重正向偏见。实证表明,大模型识别有效输出准确率高达96%(真阳性率),但识别无效输出能力极差(真阴性率<25%)。这一系统性偏差与类别不平衡导致可靠性评分被严重夸大。虽有集成方法如多数投票可缓解,但效果有限。本文提出最优少数否决策略,对缺失数据具有鲁棒性,显著减轻偏见。对于更高精度需求,进一步提出基于回归的框架,利用少量人工标注的真实数据建模评估者偏差。在包含366个高中级Python程序的代码反馈任务上,该方法将最大绝对误差降至1.2%,相比14个顶尖LLM组成的最佳集成方案提升2倍。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

New Large Language Models (LLMs) become available every few weeks, and modern application developers confronted with the unenviable task of having to decide if they should switch to a new model. While human evaluation remains the gold standard, it is costly and unscalable. The state-of-the-art approach is to use LLMs as evaluators ( LLM-as-a-judge), but this suffers from a critical flaw: LLMs exhibit a strong positive bias. We provide empirical evidence showing that while LLMs can identify valid outputs with high accuracy (i.e., True Positive Rate 96%), they are remarkably poor at identifying invalid ones (i.e., True Negative Rate <25%). This systematic bias, coupled with class imbalance, often leads to inflated reliability scores. While ensemble-based methods like majority voting can help, we show that they are not good enough. We introduce an optimal minority-veto strategy that is resilient to missing data and mitigates this bias to a large extent. For scenarios requiring even higher precision, we propose a novel regression-based framework that directly models the validator bias using a small set of human-annotated ground truth data. On a challenging code feedback task over 366 high-school Python programs, our regression approach reduces the maximum absolute error to just 1.2%, achieving a 2x improvement over the best-performing ensemble of 14 state-of-the-art LLMs.

大模型评估偏差修正代码生成自动评测

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