可高效计算的函数必有稀疏组合结构,可用浅层网络逼近。
On efficiently computable functions, deep networks and sparse compositionality
- 若函数在固定精度下可高效计算,则存在稀疏有向图表示
- 对应神经网络大小与深度为输入输出精度的多项式量级
- 适用于研究深度学习的表达能力与优化机制
我们证明,在任意固定输入输出精度下,若函数具有高效图灵可计算性,则其存在组合稀疏(有界扇入、多项式规模)的有向无环图表示,并存在相应的神经网络近似器,达到目标精度。具体而言:若函数 $f:[0,1]^d\to\R^m$ 在比特深度上多项式时间内可计算,则对任意精度对 $(n,m_{\mathrm{out}})$,存在有界扇入布尔电路,其大小与深度为 $\poly(n+m_{\mathrm{out}})$,用于计算离散化映射;将每个门替换为常数大小的神经模拟器,即可得到大小与深度为 $\poly(n+m_{\mathrm{out}})$ 的深度网络,实现精度 $\varepsilon=2^{-m_{\mathrm{out}}}$。我们还将这些构造与组合逼近率 \\cite{MhaskarPoggio2016b,poggio_deep_shallow_2017,Poggio2017,Poggio2023HowDS} 及优化视为对稀疏结构的分层搜索联系起来。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
We show that \emph{efficient Turing computability} at any fixed input/output precision implies the existence of \emph{compositionally sparse} (bounded-fan-in, polynomial-size) DAG representations and of corresponding neural approximants achieving the target precision. Concretely: if $f:[0,1]^d\to\R^m$ is computable in time polynomial in the bit-depths, then for every pair of precisions $(n,m_{\mathrm{out}})$ there exists a bounded-fan-in Boolean circuit of size and depth $\poly(n+m_{\mathrm{out}})$ computing the discretized map; replacing each gate by a constant-size neural emulator yields a deep network of size/depth $\poly(n+m_{\mathrm{out}})$ that achieves accuracy $\varepsilon=2^{-m_{\mathrm{out}}}$. We also relate these constructions to compositional approximation rates \cite{MhaskarPoggio2016b,poggio_deep_shallow_2017,Poggio2017,Poggio2023HowDS} and to optimization viewed as hierarchical search over sparse structures.
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