解析欧盟AI法案中六类主体角色及其监管逻辑
Subject Roles in the EU AI Act: Mapping and Regulatory Implications
- 梳理法案中六类责任主体的定义与权责关系
- 揭示责任随控制权转移的机制及供应链协同要求
- 为合规实施提供风险分级与责任追踪指引
欧盟《人工智能法案》（法规 (EU) 2024/1689）通过第3条界定的六大核心主体——提供者、部署者、授权代表、进口商、分销商和产品制造商——构成全球首个全面AI监管框架的治理基础。本文基于该条款及其在113项条款、180条附则和13个附件中的展开，系统映射了完整的监管结构，并分析各主体的法律责任。研究发现，特定条件下（如第25条所述），责任可随控制权转移而变更；义务通过强制信息传递与协作要求在供应链中层层传导，形成分布式但协调一致的治理网络。该制度通过按风险分级的责任机制，实现创新保护与基本权利保障之间的平衡，为相关方落实法案要求提供关键指导。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) establishes the world's first comprehensive regulatory framework for AI systems through a sophisticated ecosystem of interconnected subjects defined in Article 3. This paper provides a structured examination of the six main categories of actors - providers, deployers, authorized representatives, importers, distributors, and product manufacturers - collectively referred to as "operators" within the regulation. Through examination of these Article 3 definitions and their elaboration across the regulation's 113 articles, 180 recitals, and 13 annexes, we map the complete governance structure and analyze how the AI Act regulates these subjects. Our analysis reveals critical transformation mechanisms whereby subjects can assume different roles under specific conditions, particularly through Article 25 provisions ensuring accountability follows control. We identify how obligations cascade through the supply chain via mandatory information flows and cooperation requirements, creating a distributed yet coordinated governance system. The findings demonstrate how the regulation balances innovation with the protection of fundamental rights through risk-based obligations that scale with the capabilities and deployment contexts of AI systems, providing essential guidance for stakeholders implementing the AI Act's requirements.
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