用64/128位二进制模板实现符合国际标准的芯片端人脸验证，速度快且隐私安全。
ISO/IEC-Compliant Match-on-Card Face Verification with Short Binary Templates
- 离线生成短二进制模板，芯片端用恒定时间汉明距离比对
- 64位模板在FAR=1%时达TPR=0.836，128位更低错误率
- 符合ISO/IEC标准通信协议，适合嵌入式设备隐私验证
我们提出一种实用的芯片端人脸验证方案：通过PCA-ITQ离线生成64/128位紧凑二进制模板，并在芯片端以恒定时间计算汉明距离进行匹配。设计符合ISO/IEC 7816-4和14443-4标准的固定长度指令包，仅返回决策结果（无分数泄露），并使用最小化每身份存储映射。基于CelebA数据集（55身份，412张图像）实验，(i) 从ROC/DET曲线获取操作阈值，(ii) 在这些阈值下重放注册-验证流程，(iii) 限定端到端时间仅由链路延迟加少量芯片端开销构成。即使在最慢接触速率9.6 kbps下，总验证时间分别为43.9毫秒（64位）和52.3毫秒（128位）；在38.4 kbps时均低于14毫秒。当误报率FAR=1%时，两种长度模板均达到0.836的真正率TPR，128位进一步降低等错率EER。额外添加6字节辅助信息（针对不稳定比特的符号级校验）对延迟影响可忽略。整体设计满足ISO/IEC传输约束，具备宽裕时间余量，并契合ISO/IEC 24745隐私目标。局限：仅单数据集评估，且为设计级（非硬件实测）延迟分析；后续工作包括在AgeDB/CFP-FP上测试及芯片级微基准测试。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
We present a practical match-on-card design for face verification in which compact 64/128-bit templates are produced off-card by PCA-ITQ and compared on-card via constant-time Hamming distance. We specify ISO/IEC 7816-4 and 14443-4 command APDUs with fixed-length payloads and decision-only status words (no score leakage), together with a minimal per-identity EEPROM map. Using real binary codes from a CelebA working set (55 identities, 412 images), we (i) derive operating thresholds from ROC/DET, (ii) replay enroll->verify transactions at those thresholds, and (iii) bound end-to-end time by pure link latency plus a small constant on-card budget. Even at the slowest contact rate (9.6 kbps), total verification time is 43.9 ms (64 b) and 52.3 ms (128 b); at 38.4 kbps both are <14 ms. At FAR = 1%, both code lengths reach TPR = 0.836, while 128 b lowers EER relative to 64 b. An optional +6 B helper (targeted symbol-level parity over empirically unstable bits) is latency-negligible. Overall, short binary templates, fixed-payload decision-only APDUs, and constant-time matching satisfy ISO/IEC transport constraints with wide timing margin and align with ISO/IEC 24745 privacy goals. Limitations: single-dataset evaluation and design-level (pre-hardware) timing; we outline AgeDB/CFP-FP and on-card microbenchmarks as next steps.
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