研究耳塞缝隙如何让强声泄漏，揭示设计缺陷的致命风险
Transmission of High-Amplitude Sound through Leakages of Ill-fitting Earplugs
- 通过仿真与实验对比不同缝隙形状的声学传输特性
- 120 dB 声压下未密封耳塞平均透声损失降低约18 dB
- 150 dB 时声能转化为涡流，暴露耳塞失效机制
高强度声压（SPL）在嘈杂环境中带来显著风险，尤其是噪声性听力损伤。不贴合的耳塞常导致声音泄漏，本文旨在研究此现象。为验证方法，先获取独立狭缝谐振器和孔口的计算与实验声学传输数据，并与已有文献数据对比。随后分析不同泄漏几何结构在各种孔径下的频率依赖性声功率吸收系数与透声损失（TL）。实验覆盖1–5 kHz频段，声压级（SPL）达120–150 dB。关键发现：未密封硅胶耳塞在总入射声压级（OISPL）120 dB时，平均透声损失降低约18 dB；直接数值模拟进一步揭示，在OISPL 150 dB条件下，声能向涡度转化，呈现声学耗散机制。结果强调了高声压环境下耳塞设计的重要性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
High sound pressure levels (SPL) pose notable risks in loud environments, particularly due to noise-induced hearing loss. Ill-fitting earplugs often lead to sound leakage, a phenomenon this study seeks to investigate. To validate our methodology, we first obtained computational and experimental acoustic transmission data for stand-alone slit resonators and orifices, for which extensive published data are readily available for comparison. We then examined the frequency-dependent acoustic power absorption coefficient and transmission loss (TL) across various leakage geometries, modeled using different orifice diameters. Experimental approaches spanned a frequency range of 1--5 kHz under SPL conditions of 120--150 dB. Key findings reveal that unsealed silicone rubber earplugs demonstrate an average TL reduction of approximately 18 dB at an overall incident SPL (OISPL) of 120 dB. Direct numerical simulations further highlight SPL-dependent acoustic dissipation mechanisms, showing the conversion of acoustic energy into vorticity in ill-fitting earplug models at an OISPL of 150 dB. These results highlight the role of earplug design for high-sound-pressure-level environments.
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