用自然语言指挥多机器人团队,让指令变高效协作计划。
PIP-LLM: Integrating PDDL-Integer Programming with LLMs for Coordinating Multi-Robot Teams Using Natural Language
- 分层规划:先用PDDL做团队级任务分解,再用整数规划分配机器人执行。
- 比现有方法成功率更高,旅行成本更低,负载更均衡。
- 适合需要高效多机协同的智能系统研发人员参考。
让机器人团队执行自然语言指令,需将高层命令转化为可行高效的多机器人计划。尽管大型语言模型(LLMs)结合规划领域描述语言(PDDL)在单机器人场景中展现潜力,但现有方法在多机器人协调中因任务分解脆弱、可扩展性差、协调效率低而受限。本文提出PIP-LLM,一种基于语言的协调框架,包含基于PDDL的团队级规划与基于整数规划(IP)的机器人级规划。PIP-LLM首先将指令转化为团队级PDDL问题并求解,获得抽象的团队计划,忽略机器人分配;每个团队级动作代表一个需由团队完成的子任务。随后,该计划被转化为表示子任务依赖关系的依赖图,并用于指导机器人级规划:每个子任务节点被建模为基于IP的任务分配问题,显式优化旅行成本与工作量,同时满足机器人能力与用户定义约束。这种规划与分配分离的设计避免了语法驱动分解的缺陷,支持更大规模团队。跨多种任务的实验表明,相比最先进基线,PIP-LLM提升了计划成功率,降低了最大与平均旅行成本,并实现更好负载均衡。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Enabling robot teams to execute natural language commands requires translating high-level instructions into feasible, efficient multi-robot plans. While Large Language Models (LLMs) combined with Planning Domain Description Language (PDDL) offer promise for single-robot scenarios, existing approaches struggle with multi-robot coordination due to brittle task decomposition, poor scalability, and low coordination efficiency. We introduce PIP-LLM, a language-based coordination framework that consists of PDDL-based team-level planning and Integer Programming (IP) based robot-level planning. PIP-LLMs first decomposes the command by translating the command into a team-level PDDL problem and solves it to obtain a team-level plan, abstracting away robot assignment. Each team-level action represents a subtask to be finished by the team. Next, this plan is translated into a dependency graph representing the subtasks' dependency structure. Such a dependency graph is then used to guide the robot-level planning, in which each subtask node will be formulated as an IP-based task allocation problem, explicitly optimizing travel costs and workload while respecting robot capabilities and user-defined constraints. This separation of planning from assignment allows PIP-LLM to avoid the pitfalls of syntax-based decomposition and scale to larger teams. Experiments across diverse tasks show that PIP-LLM improves plan success rate, reduces maximum and average travel costs, and achieves better load balancing compared to state-of-the-art baselines.
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