arXiv:2510.24709cs.CVcs.AI2025-10NeurIPS被引 18

发现视觉Transformer能自然形成物体绑定能力,不靠刻意设计。

Does Object Binding Naturally Emerge in Large Pretrained Vision Transformers?

  • 用二次相似性探针检测图像块是否属于同一物体,准确率超90%。
  • DINO、CLIP等模型具备强绑定能力,而MAE模型较弱,说明绑定依赖预训练目标。
  • 该能力存在于低维子空间并指导注意力,对下游任务至关重要。

物体绑定是人类认知的核心能力,将感知特征整合为整体对象表征,并支持记忆与推理。尽管以往工作通过显式引入物体中心注意力(如Slot Attention)来探索其优势,但预训练视觉Transformer(ViTs)是否具备这种能力尚不明确。基于自注意力的二次特性,我们提出假设:ViTs可能隐含表示两个图像块是否属于同一物体,称为IsSameObject。通过在多层ViT特征上使用二次相似性探针解码,该信号准确率达90%以上。关键发现:DINO、CLIP和ImageNet监督的ViTs均稳定表现出此能力,而MAE模型则显著较弱,表明绑定并非简单架构产物,而是由特定预训练目标习得。进一步分析显示,IsSameObject编码于对象特征的低维子空间,且主动引导注意力;若从激活中移除该信号,下游性能下降且违背学习目标,说明其自然服务于预训练目标。研究挑战了ViTs缺乏物体绑定的传统观点,揭示符号化‘部件归属’知识如何在连接主义系统中自然涌现。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Object binding, the brain's ability to bind the many features that collectively represent an object into a coherent whole, is central to human cognition. It groups low-level perceptual features into high-level object representations, stores those objects efficiently and compositionally in memory, and supports human reasoning about individual object instances. While prior work often imposes object-centric attention (e.g., Slot Attention) explicitly to probe these benefits, it remains unclear whether this ability naturally emerges in pre-trained Vision Transformers (ViTs). Intuitively, they could: recognizing which patches belong to the same object should be useful for downstream prediction and thus guide attention. Motivated by the quadratic nature of self-attention, we hypothesize that ViTs represent whether two patches belong to the same object, a property we term IsSameObject. We decode IsSameObject from patch embeddings across ViT layers using a quadratic similarity probe, which reaches over 90% accuracy. Crucially, this object-binding capability emerges reliably in DINO, CLIP, and ImageNet-supervised ViTs, but is markedly weaker in MAE, suggesting that binding is not a trivial architectural artifact, but an ability acquired through specific pretraining objectives. We further discover that IsSameObject is encoded in a low-dimensional subspace on top of object features, and that this signal actively guides attention. Ablating IsSameObject from model activations degrades downstream performance and works against the learning objective, implying that emergent object binding naturally serves the pretraining objective. Our findings challenge the view that ViTs lack object binding and highlight how symbolic knowledge of "which parts belong together" emerges naturally in a connectionist system.

视觉变压器物体绑定自注意力预训练

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