发现LLM评估结果常因评价模型差异而不可靠,需多模型验证。
Demo: Statistically Significant Results On Biases and Errors of LLMs Do Not Guarantee Generalizable Results
- 用多维度患者数据生成真实问题,自动测试医疗LLM表现。
- 不同LLM评估者间一致性低(平均κ=0.118),仅特定组合出显著差异。
- 建议多模型评估并公开一致性指标,避免误导性结论。
近期研究显示大语言模型在日常使用中普遍存在幻觉、遗漏和偏见。但在医疗场景中,即使涉及非医学因素(如人口统计信息),聊天机器人也需提供一致建议。为理解医疗聊天机器人失效条件,我们构建了自动化查询生成与多模型评估框架:1)通过采样患者人口统计、病史、疾病类型和写作风格生成真实问题;2)采用多轮大模型评判、代理工作流及类别检测器进行幻觉、遗漏和偏见分析。作为基线研究,我们进行了两个案例分析:跨模型一致性与回答/评估模型变化的影响。结果显示,大模型标注者间一致性极低(平均Cohen's Kappa κ=0.118),仅特定(回答,评估)模型组合在写作风格、性别和种族上呈现统计显著差异。我们建议使用多个模型评估以避免得出统计显著但不可泛化的结果,尤其在缺乏真实标签时。同时建议公开模型间一致性指标以提升透明度。代码与数据集已开源:https://github.com/BBN-E/medic-neurips-2025-demo。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Recent research has shown that hallucinations, omissions, and biases are prevalent in everyday use-cases of LLMs. However, chatbots used in medical contexts must provide consistent advice in situations where non-medical factors are involved, such as when demographic information is present. In order to understand the conditions under which medical chatbots fail to perform as expected, we develop an infrastructure that 1) automatically generates queries to probe LLMs and 2) evaluates answers to these queries using multiple LLM-as-a-judge setups and prompts. For 1), our prompt creation pipeline samples the space of patient demographics, histories, disorders, and writing styles to create realistic questions that we subsequently use to prompt LLMs. In 2), our evaluation pipeline provides hallucination and omission detection using LLM-as-a-judge as well as agentic workflows, in addition to LLM-as-a-judge treatment category detectors. As a baseline study, we perform two case studies on inter-LLM agreement and the impact of varying the answering and evaluation LLMs. We find that LLM annotators exhibit low agreement scores (average Cohen's Kappa $κ=0.118$), and only specific (answering, evaluation) LLM pairs yield statistically significant differences across writing styles, genders, and races. We recommend that studies using LLM evaluation use multiple LLMs as evaluators in order to avoid arriving at statistically significant but non-generalizable results, particularly in the absence of ground-truth data. We also suggest publishing inter-LLM agreement metrics for transparency. Our code and dataset are available here: https://github.com/BBN-E/medic-neurips-2025-demo.
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