arXiv:2511.07947cs.CRcs.CV2025-11AAAI被引 1

提出新型类特征水印,有效抵御模型提取攻击与移除攻击。

Class-feature Watermark: A Resilient Black-box Watermark Against Model Extraction Attacks

  • 利用类别级伪造样本构建水印,避开原有决策边界漏洞。
  • 在多种攻击组合下仍保持70.15%以上水印成功率。
  • 适合保护高价值机器学习模型的版权归属问题。

机器学习模型是重要知识产权,但易受黑盒模型提取攻击(MEA)威胁,攻击者通过查询复制其功能。模型水印通过嵌入取证标记来验证所有权。现有黑盒水印依赖表示纠缠以增强抗提取能力,却未充分考虑连续提取攻击和移除攻击的威胁。本研究发现,现有移除方法因纠缠而失效,因此提出水印移除攻击(WRK),利用样本级水印特征形成的决策边界实现绕过,使现有水印成功率至少降低88.79%。为增强防护,提出类特征水印(CFW),通过引入域外样本构造合成类别,消除原域样本与其水印版本间的脆弱决策边界,同时优化模型在提取后的可迁移性与稳定性。多领域实验表明,即使面对联合的MEA与WRK攻击,CFW仍能维持不低于70.15%的水印成功率,且保护模型性能不受影响。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Machine learning models constitute valuable intellectual property, yet remain vulnerable to model extraction attacks (MEA), where adversaries replicate their functionality through black-box queries. Model watermarking counters MEAs by embedding forensic markers for ownership verification. Current black-box watermarks prioritize MEA survival through representation entanglement, yet inadequately explore resilience against sequential MEAs and removal attacks. Our study reveals that this risk is underestimated because existing removal methods are weakened by entanglement. To address this gap, we propose Watermark Removal attacK (WRK), which circumvents entanglement constraints by exploiting decision boundaries shaped by prevailing sample-level watermark artifacts. WRK effectively reduces watermark success rates by at least 88.79% across existing watermarking benchmarks. For robust protection, we propose Class-Feature Watermarks (CFW), which improve resilience by leveraging class-level artifacts. CFW constructs a synthetic class using out-of-domain samples, eliminating vulnerable decision boundaries between original domain samples and their artifact-modified counterparts (watermark samples). CFW concurrently optimizes both MEA transferability and post-MEA stability. Experiments across multiple domains show that CFW consistently outperforms prior methods in resilience, maintaining a watermark success rate of at least 70.15% in extracted models even under the combined MEA and WRK distortion, while preserving the utility of protected models.

模型水印版权保护黑盒攻击对抗攻击

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