提出双隐式奖励模型,让大模型在多跳问答中同时优化文本推理和知识图谱路径。
DPRM: A Dual Implicit Process Reward Model in Multi-Hop Question Answering
- 设计双隐式奖励模型,从最终答案反推每步推理的奖励,无需人工标注。
- 在多个数据集上提升16.6%的命中率,优于13个基线方法。
- 能检测文本与知识图谱路径不一致,适合需要多步逻辑验证的任务。
在多跳问答(MHQA)任务中,思维链(CoT)通过引导大模型进行多步推理提升生成质量,知识图谱(KG)则通过语义匹配减少幻觉。结果奖励模型(ORM)仅在生成最终答案后提供反馈,无法评估推理过程;传统过程奖励模型(PRM)虽可评估过程,但需昂贵的人工标注或滚动生成。隐式PRM仅使用结果信号训练,通过奖励参数化推导步骤奖励,无需显式标注,更适合MHQA的多步推理。然而现有隐式PRM仅适用于纯文本场景,在适配MHQA时无法处理知识图谱的结构约束,也难以捕捉CoT与KG路径间的潜在不一致性。为此,我们提出双隐式过程奖励模型(DPRM),为CoT和KG推理分别训练两个隐式PRM(CoT-PRM与KG-PRM),均通过结果信号参数化推导步骤奖励,无需额外标注。其中,KG-PRM利用偏好对学习知识图谱的结构约束。DPRM进一步引入CoT与KG推理步骤的一致性约束,使两者相互验证并协同优化推理路径。我们还提供了过程奖励推导的理论证明。实验表明,该方法在多个数据集上超越13个基线,Hit@1最高提升16.6%。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
In multi-hop question answering (MHQA) tasks, Chain of Thought (CoT) improves the quality of generation by guiding large language models (LLMs) through multi-step reasoning, and Knowledge Graphs (KGs) reduce hallucinations via semantic matching. Outcome Reward Models (ORMs) provide feedback after generating the final answers but fail to evaluate the process for multi-step reasoning. Traditional Process Reward Models (PRMs) evaluate the reasoning process but require costly human annotations or rollout generation. While implicit PRM is trained only with outcome signals and derives step rewards through reward parameterization without explicit annotations, it is more suitable for multi-step reasoning in MHQA tasks. However, existing implicit PRM has only been explored for plain text scenarios. When adapting to MHQA tasks, it cannot handle the graph structure constraints in KGs and capture the potential inconsistency between CoT and KG paths. To address these limitations, we propose the DPRM (Dual Implicit Process Reward Model). It trains two implicit PRMs for CoT and KG reasoning in MHQA tasks. Both PRMs, namely KG-PRM and CoT-PRM, derive step-level rewards from outcome signals via reward parameterization without additional explicit annotations. Among them, KG-PRM uses preference pairs to learn structural constraints from KGs. DPRM further introduces a consistency constraint between CoT and KG reasoning steps, making the two PRMs mutually verify and collaboratively optimize the reasoning paths. We also provide a theoretical demonstration of the derivation of process rewards. Experimental results show that our method outperforms 13 baselines on multiple datasets with up to 16.6% improvement on Hit@1.
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