arXiv:2511.08597cs.CLcs.AI2025-11

让大模型自己生成攻击指令,发现其可能突破自身安全防护。

Self-HarmLLM: Can Large Language Model Harm Itself?

  • 用模型自动生成模糊有害查询,作为新一轮输入测试安全漏洞。
  • 零样本下最高33%越狱成功率,少样本下达41%成功,证明风险存在。
  • 自动化评估严重高估危害性,需结合人工判断更可靠。

大型语言模型通常配备防护机制以阻止有害内容生成。然而,现有防御多假设攻击来自外部,未充分探讨模型自身输出成为新攻击向量的可能性。本研究提出Self-HarmLLM场景:使用同一模型生成的‘缓解型有害查询’(MHQ)作为新输入。MHQ为语义模糊但保留原始意图的查询,其有害性不直接暴露。我们在GPT-3.5-turbo、LLaMA3-8B-instruct和DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B上,在基础、零样本与少样本条件下测试该方法。结果表明,零样本下最高52%的转换成功率与33%越狱成功率,少样本下分别达65%与41%。通过前缀自动评估与人工评估对比发现,自动评估平均高估52%的越狱成功率,说明仅依赖自动化评估不可靠。尽管本研究基于有限查询集与评估者,仍证实该方法具备实际攻击潜力,提示需重新审视防护设计并建立更稳健的评估体系。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large Language Models (LLMs) are generally equipped with guardrails to block the generation of harmful responses. However, existing defenses always assume that an external attacker crafts the harmful query, and the possibility of a model's own output becoming a new attack vector has not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we propose the Self-HarmLLM scenario, which uses a Mitigated Harmful Query (MHQ) generated by the same model as a new input. An MHQ is an ambiguous query whose original intent is preserved while its harmful nature is not directly exposed. We verified whether a jailbreak occurs when this MHQ is re-entered into a separate session of the same model. We conducted experiments on GPT-3.5-turbo, LLaMA3-8B-instruct, and DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B under Base, Zero-shot, and Few-shot conditions. The results showed up to 52% transformation success rate and up to 33% jailbreak success rate in the Zero-shot condition, and up to 65% transformation success rate and up to 41% jailbreak success rate in the Few-shot condition. By performing both prefix-based automated evaluation and human evaluation, we found that the automated evaluation consistently overestimated jailbreak success, with an average difference of 52%. This indicates that automated evaluation alone is not accurate for determining harmfulness. While this study is a toy-level study based on a limited query set and evaluators, it proves that our method can still be a valid attack scenario. These results suggest the need for a fundamental reconsideration of guardrail design and the establishment of a more robust evaluation methodology.

安全防护越狱攻击评估方法

Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。