arXiv:2511.08749cs.AI2025-11

让强化学习模型像查询数据库一样回答环境问题,提升可解释性。

Interpretable by Design: Query-Specific Neural Modules for Explainable Reinforcement Learning

  • 设计专用神经模块,按查询类型(路径、可达性等)分别优化推理
  • 推理准确率高达99%(可达性交并比),但控制性能仅31%回报
  • 适合需要可解释性的人机协作与系统验证场景

强化学习传统上只追求最大化奖励的策略。本文提出新范式:将强化学习系统设计为能回答多种环境查询的推理引擎。在确定性环境下,训练好的智能体隐含了关于可达性、距离、价值和动态的丰富知识,但现有架构无法高效暴露这些信息。为此,我们提出查询条件确定性推理网络(QDIN),将不同查询类型(策略、可达性、路径、比较)作为第一类公民,配备专用神经模块以优化每种推理模式。关键发现是:推理准确率可接近完美(99%可达性交并比),而控制性能仍较低(31%回报),表明世界知识表示与最优控制表示存在根本解耦。实验表明,针对查询优化的架构优于统一模型和后处理提取方法,且保持了有竞争力的控制表现。该工作为从源头设计可查询的知识库型强化学习系统开辟了研究方向,对可解释性、验证和人机协作具有重要意义。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Reinforcement learning has traditionally focused on a singular objective: learning policies that select actions to maximize reward. We challenge this paradigm by asking: what if we explicitly architected RL systems as inference engines that can answer diverse queries about their environment? In deterministic settings, trained agents implicitly encode rich knowledge about reachability, distances, values, and dynamics - yet current architectures are not designed to expose this information efficiently. We introduce Query Conditioned Deterministic Inference Networks (QDIN), a unified architecture that treats different types of queries (policy, reachability, paths, comparisons) as first-class citizens, with specialized neural modules optimized for each inference pattern. Our key empirical finding reveals a fundamental decoupling: inference accuracy can reach near-perfect levels (99% reachability IoU) even when control performance remains suboptimal (31% return), suggesting that the representations needed for accurate world knowledge differ from those required for optimal control. Experiments demonstrate that query specialized architectures outperform both unified models and post-hoc extraction methods, while maintaining competitive control performance. This work establishes a research agenda for RL systems designed from inception as queryable knowledge bases, with implications for interpretability, verification, and human-AI collaboration.

可解释强化学习查询推理知识表示人机协作

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