用学习型智能体替代传统规则模型,打造更真实复杂的自动驾驶闭环评估基准。
nuPlan-R: A Closed-Loop Planning Benchmark for Autonomous Driving via Reactive Multi-Agent Simulation
- 用扩散模型生成多样且拟人的多智能体交互行为,取代传统规则模型。
- 在nuPlan框架中实现更真实的交通动态,使规划器评估更贴近现实场景。
- 适合研究自动驾驶规划、多智能体交互与仿真评估的开发者和研究人员。
近期闭环规划评估基准的进步显著提升了自动驾驶车辆的评测能力。然而,现有基准仍依赖于如智能驾驶模型(IDM)等基于规则的反应式代理,缺乏行为多样性,无法捕捉真实人类交互,导致交通动态过于简化。为此,我们提出nuPlan-R,一个将学习型反应式多智能体仿真集成到nuPlan框架中的新闭环规划基准。该基准用噪声解耦的扩散模型代理替代原有的规则型IDM代理,并引入交互感知的代理选择机制,在保证真实性和计算效率的同时提升仿真质量。此外,我们新增两项评估指标,实现对规划性能的更全面衡量。大量实验表明,我们的反应式代理能生成更真实、多样且类人化的交通行为,使基准环境更贴合真实交互驾驶场景。我们在nuPlan-R中重新实现了多类规则型、学习型及混合型规划方法,清晰揭示了不同规划器在复杂交互场景下的表现差异,凸显学习型规划器在应对复杂动态环境中的优势。这些成果确立了nuPlan-R作为公平、反应式、真实闭环评估的新标准。代码将开源。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Recent advances in closed-loop planning benchmarks have significantly improved the evaluation of autonomous vehicles. However, existing benchmarks still rely on rule-based reactive agents such as the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), which lack behavioral diversity and fail to capture realistic human interactions, leading to oversimplified traffic dynamics. To address these limitations, we present nuPlan-R, a new reactive closed-loop planning benchmark that integrates learning-based reactive multi-agent simulation into the nuPlan framework. Our benchmark replaces the rule-based IDM agents with noise-decoupled diffusion-based reactive agents and introduces an interaction-aware agent selection mechanism to ensure both realism and computational efficiency. Furthermore, we extend the benchmark with two additional metrics to enable a more comprehensive assessment of planning performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our reactive agent model produces more realistic, diverse, and human-like traffic behaviors, leading to a benchmark environment that better reflects real-world interactive driving. We further reimplement a collection of rule-based, learning-based, and hybrid planning approaches within our nuPlan-R benchmark, providing a clearer reflection of planner performance in complex interactive scenarios and better highlighting the advantages of learning-based planners in handling complex and dynamic scenarios. These results establish nuPlan-R as a new standard for fair, reactive, and realistic closed-loop planning evaluation. We will open-source the code for the new benchmark.
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