不用数值求解器,用解析方法生成训练数据,让神经算子更准更快。
Method of Manufactured Learning for Solver-free Training of Neural Operators
- 用解析函数构造物理一致的数据,替代耗时的数值求解。
- 在热传导、伯格斯等方程上达到高精度和强泛化能力。
- 适用于任意网络架构,适合需物理一致性建模的研究者。
训练神经算子以近似无限维函数空间之间的映射通常依赖于实验或计算成本高昂的数值求解器生成的大量数据。这种对求解器数据的依赖限制了可扩展性,并制约了对不同物理系统的探索。本文提出制造学习法(Method of Manufactured Learning, MML),一种无需求解器的神经算子训练框架,通过解析构造的物理一致数据集进行训练。受经典制造解法启发,MML 将数值数据生成替换为函数合成:从受控解析空间中采样光滑候选解,通过直接应用控制微分算子推导出对应的源项。推理时,将这些源项设为零即可恢复原控制方程,使训练后的神经算子能够模拟系统的真正解算子。该框架与网络架构无关,可集成至任意算子学习范式。本文以傅里叶神经算子为例,在热传导、对流、伯格斯方程及扩散-反应方程等典型基准上均实现高谱精度、低残差误差以及对未见条件的良好泛化。通过将数据生成重构为解析合成过程,MML 提供了一条可扩展、求解器无关的路径,构建具有物理保真度的神经算子,且无需依赖昂贵的数值模拟或实验数据。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Training neural operators to approximate mappings between infinite-dimensional function spaces often requires extensive datasets generated by either demanding experimental setups or computationally expensive numerical solvers. This dependence on solver-based data limits scalability and constrains exploration across physical systems. Here we introduce the Method of Manufactured Learning (MML), a solver-independent framework for training neural operators using analytically constructed, physics-consistent datasets. Inspired by the classical method of manufactured solutions, MML replaces numerical data generation with functional synthesis, i.e., smooth candidate solutions are sampled from controlled analytical spaces, and the corresponding forcing fields are derived by direct application of the governing differential operators. During inference, setting these forcing terms to zero restores the original governing equations, allowing the trained neural operator to emulate the true solution operator of the system. The framework is agnostic to network architecture and can be integrated with any operator learning paradigm. In this paper, we employ Fourier neural operator as a representative example. Across canonical benchmarks including heat, advection, Burgers, and diffusion-reaction equations. MML achieves high spectral accuracy, low residual errors, and strong generalization to unseen conditions. By reframing data generation as a process of analytical synthesis, MML offers a scalable, solver-agnostic pathway toward constructing physically grounded neural operators that retain fidelity to governing laws without reliance on expensive numerical simulations or costly experimental data for training.
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