arXiv:2511.16347cs.CRcs.CY2025-11被引 4

首次揭示环境间接越狱攻击,让智能体因盲信环境指令而失控。

The Shawshank Redemption of Embodied AI: Understanding and Benchmarking Indirect Environmental Jailbreaks

  • 通过环境中的恶意提示(如墙上的指令)间接诱导智能体越狱。
  • 在3957个场景任务中,攻击成功率超11种现有方法,6个主流模型全被攻破。
  • 开源自动攻击与评测框架,助力安全研究者系统评估此类风险。

视觉语言模型(VLMs)在具身智能体中的应用虽有效,但带来安全风险,如越狱攻击。以往工作集中于通过复杂多模态提示直接越狱,但尚未有人研究或报告具身智能体的间接越狱——即黑盒攻击者在不直接向智能体发送指令的情况下,通过向环境注入恶意提示(如墙上写明的指令)实现越狱。本文首次提出间接环境越狱(IEJ),核心洞察是具身智能体对环境提供的指令毫无质疑,这种盲信可被攻击者利用。为此,我们设计并实现两个开源自动化框架:SHAWSHANK(首个自动攻击生成框架)和SHAWSHANK-FORGE(首个自动基准生成框架)。基于后者,我们构建了首个针对间接越狱的基准集SHAWSHANK-BENCH。三者共同回答了哪些内容可用于恶意指令、应放置于何处、以及如何系统评估该攻击。实验表明,SHAWSHANK在3,957个任务-场景组合中超越11种现有方法,成功攻破全部6个测试的VLM。当前防御措施仅部分缓解此攻击,研究结果已负责任地披露给所有相关VLM厂商。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

The adoption of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in embodied AI agents, while being effective, brings safety concerns such as jailbreaking. Prior work have explored the possibility of directly jailbreaking the embodied agents through elaborated multi-modal prompts. However, no prior work has studied or even reported indirect jailbreaks in embodied AI, where a black-box attacker induces a jailbreak without issuing direct prompts to the embodied agent. In this paper, we propose, for the first time, indirect environmental jailbreak (IEJ), a novel attack to jailbreak embodied AI via indirect prompt injected into the environment, such as malicious instructions written on a wall. Our key insight is that embodied AI does not ''think twice'' about the instructions provided by the environment -- a blind trust that attackers can exploit to jailbreak the embodied agent. We further design and implement open-source prototypes of two fully-automated frameworks: SHAWSHANK, the first automatic attack generation framework for the proposed attack IEJ; and SHAWSHANK-FORGE, the first automatic benchmark generation framework for IEJ. Then, using SHAWSHANK-FORGE, we automatically construct SHAWSHANK-BENCH, the first benchmark for indirectly jailbreaking embodied agents. Together, our two frameworks and one benchmark answer the questions of what content can be used for malicious IEJ instructions, where they should be placed, and how IEJ can be systematically evaluated. Evaluation results show that SHAWSHANK outperforms eleven existing methods across 3,957 task-scene combinations and compromises all six tested VLMs. Furthermore, current defenses only partially mitigate our attack, and we have responsibly disclosed our findings to all affected VLM vendors.

具身智能越狱攻击安全评估

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