用新型雪崩光电二极管阵列实现高精度粒子探测
PlatonSPAD: A novel SPAD sensor for large-scale high-resolution particle detectors
- 设计4×4雪崩光电二极管宏像素，优化布局提升光子探测效率
- 实测验证高填充因子下噪声可控，支持亚纳秒级时间分辨
- 适合大型粒子探测器研发，尤其需高时空分辨率的实验
高分辨率三维轨迹追踪与亚纳秒级时间分辨是探测基本粒子（如中微子）的关键需求。传统基于模拟硅光电倍增管的探测器难以兼顾空间分辨率与可扩展性。为此，本文开发了一种基于CMOS单光子雪崩二极管（SPAD）的高分辨率粒子探测器，采用110 nm CIS工艺制造4×4 SPAD宏像素模块。测量结果表明，高填充因子设计在不显著增加噪声的前提下提升了光子探测效率。此外，通过集成时间-数字转换器与专用像素电路，成功实现了事件驱动的光子定位与时间标记。该工作为实现概率性粒子相互作用探测奠定了基础，是未来大规模SPAD基粒子探测器发展的重要一步。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
High-resolution 3D tracking with sub-nanosecond timing is required for the detection of elementary particles, such as neutrinos. Conventional detectors, which utilize analog silicon photomultipliers, face challenges in balancing spatial resolution and scalability. To address this issue, a CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based high-resolution particle detector is being developed. This work presents a study on SPAD layout optimization and a 4x4 SPAD macropixel module, fabricated in 110 nm CIS technology. Measurement results confirm that high-fill-factor designs improve photon detection efficiency without significant noise degradation. Furthermore, event-driven photon mapping and time stamping, enabled by time-to-digital converters and dedicated pixel circuits integrated into the 4x4 SPAD macropixel, were successfully demonstrated. This work is an essential step towards a sensor that detects probabilistic particle interactions and it lays the groundwork for the development of future large-scale SPAD-based particle detectors.
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