arXiv:2511.21731cs.CLcs.AI2025-11被引 3

发现大模型语言中存在类量子结构,暗示人工与人类认知的进化趋同。

Identifying Quantum Structure in AI Language: Evidence for Evolutionary Convergence of Human and Artificial Cognition

  • 用大模型测试概念组合,发现违反贝尔不等式
  • 词分布呈现玻色-爱因斯坦统计而非经典统计
  • 揭示人类与人工智能在语义组织上的深层相似性

我们对大型语言模型(LLMs)进行了概念组合的认知测试。在第一项测试中,使用ChatGPT和Gemini,结果显示贝尔不等式被显著违反,表明存在违背柯尔莫哥洛夫公理的‘非经典概率模型’。第二项测试同样使用这两个模型,发现大规模文本中词语分布符合‘玻色-爱因斯坦统计’,而非直观预期的‘麦克斯韦-波尔兹曼统计’。这些结果与先前对人类受试者及大规模语料库的信息检索测试一致。综合来看,这表明‘概念-语言领域中非经典量子结构的系统性涌现’,无论认知主体是人类还是人工智能。尽管大模型被归为神经网络,但其本质知识组织方式更可能源于向量空间中的分布式语义结构。正是这种承载意义的结构,促成了人类认知与大模型认知在语言上的进化趋同——前者经由生物演化缓慢形成,后者则通过自学习与训练快速出现。本文分析了支持该假设的多种现象与实例,并提出统一框架解释所发现的语义量子组织规律。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

We present the results of cognitive tests on conceptual combinations, performed using specific Large Language Models (LLMs) as test subjects. In the first test, performed with ChatGPT and Gemini, we show that Bell's inequalities are significantly violated, which indicates the presence of a 'non-classical probability model' with probabilities that do not satisfy Kolmogorov's axioms. In the second test, also performed using ChatGPT and Gemini, we identify the presence of 'Bose-Einstein statistics', rather than the intuitively expected 'Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics', in the distribution of the words contained in large-size texts. Interestingly, these findings mirror the results previously obtained in both cognitive tests with human participants and information retrieval tests on large corpora. Taken together, they point to the 'systematic emergence of non-classical quantum-like structures in conceptual-linguistic domains', regardless of whether the cognitive agent is human or artificial. Although LLMs are classified as neural networks for historical reasons, we believe that a more essential form of knowledge organization takes place in the distributive semantic structure of vector spaces built on top of the neural network. It is this meaning-bearing structure that lends itself to a phenomenon of evolutionary convergence between human cognition and language, slowly established through biological evolution, and LLM cognition and language, emerging much more rapidly as a result of self-learning and training. We analyze various aspects and examples that contain evidence supporting the above hypothesis. We also advance a unifying framework that explains the pervasive quantum organization of meaning that we identify.

类量子结构大模型认知语义空间认知趋同

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