解决量子去噪扩散模型的训练失效问题,让大系统模型可训练。
Mitigating Barren Plateaus in Quantum Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model

- 设计新架构缓解量子模型梯度消失问题
- 实验证明新方法在测试规模下保持可训练性
- 可用于基于哈密顿参数生成量子基态,适合量子模拟研究
量子生成模型利用量子叠加和纠缠提升对经典与量子数据的学习效率。近期受经典扩散框架启发,量子去噪扩散概率模型成为学习关联噪声模型、多体物相和拓扑数据结构的强大工具。然而我们证明该框架目前受限于小规模系统:随着系统增大,严重出现贫瘠平原问题,从根本上限制了模型可扩展性。通过严格理论证明和实验验证,我们识别出该贫瘠平原的成因不同于已有解释。为恢复可训练性,提出增强型架构,有效缓解贫瘠平原现象,并在测试设置中保证模型可训练。在此基础上,进一步提出条件量子去噪扩散概率模型,可根据哈密顿量参数生成基态,一定程度拓展了量子生成模型在复杂量子态制备中的应用。本方法不仅有望解决量子扩散模型的可扩展性与可训练性瓶颈,也为当前含噪声中等规模量子(NISQ)时代探索复杂量子物质与态制备提供了可靠工具。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Quantum generative models exploit quantum superposition and entanglement to enhance learning efficiency for both classical and quantum data. Recently, inspired by classical diffusion frameworks, the quantum denoising diffusion probabilistic model has emerged as a powerful tool for learning correlated noise models, many-body phases, and topological data structures. However, we demonstrate that this framework is currently restricted to small-scale systems. As the system size increases, a severe barren plateau problem emerges, fundamentally limiting the model's scalability. We provide rigorous theoretical proofs and experimental validation to identify the origin of this barren plateau, distinct from previously known causes. To restore trainability, we introduce an enhanced architecture that effectively mitigates the barren plateau phenomenon and guarantees the model's trainability in the tested settings. Building on this architecture, we further propose a conditional quantum denoising diffusion probabilistic model, capable of generating ground states based on Hamiltonian parameters, expanding the utility of quantum generative models for complex quantum state preparation to a certain extent. Our approach not only holds the potential to address the scalability and trainability bottlenecks of quantum diffusion models, but also provides a robust tool for exploring complex quantum matter and state preparation in the NISQ era.
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