arXiv:2512.07829cs.CVcs.AI2025-12被引 24

仅用一层注意力机制,就能让预训练视觉模型高效生成高质量图像。

One Layer Is Enough: Adapting Pretrained Visual Encoders for Image Generation

  • 用单层注意力将预训练特征映射到生成友好低维空间。
  • 在ImageNet上实现接近顶尖的FID得分(800轮仅1.29)。
  • 兼容扩散模型与归一化流,适合快速生成应用。

视觉生成模型(如扩散模型)通常在压缩的潜在空间中运行,以平衡训练效率与生成质量。近年来,人们越来越关注利用高质量预训练视觉表征,通过将其对齐至VAE或直接嵌入生成模型来提升性能。然而,由于理解型特征与生成友好潜空间之间存在根本性差异,适应过程仍具挑战:表征编码器依赖高维潜在变量以捕捉被掩码区域的多样假设,而生成模型则偏好低维潜在变量并需忠实保留注入噪声。这导致以往方法依赖复杂目标与架构。本文提出FAE(特征自编码器),一种简单有效的框架,仅用一个注意力层即可将预训练视觉表征适配为适合生成的低维潜空间,同时保持重建与理解所需信息。其核心是使用两个独立深度解码器:一个用于重建原始特征空间,另一个以重建特征为输入进行图像生成。FAE具有通用性,可与多种自监督编码器(如DINO、SigLIP)结合,并接入扩散模型与归一化流两类生成模型。在类别条件与文生图基准测试中表现优异。例如,在ImageNet 256x256上,带CFG的扩散模型在800轮达到近顶尖的FID 1.29,80轮为1.70;无CFG时,800轮达1.48,80轮达2.08,证明其兼具高质量与快速学习能力。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Visual generative models (e.g., diffusion models) typically operate in compressed latent spaces to balance training efficiency and sample quality. In parallel, there has been growing interest in leveraging high-quality pre-trained visual representations, either by aligning them inside VAEs or directly within the generative model. However, adapting such representations remains challenging due to fundamental mismatches between understanding-oriented features and generation-friendly latent spaces. Representation encoders benefit from high-dimensional latents that capture diverse hypotheses for masked regions, whereas generative models favor low-dimensional latents that must faithfully preserve injected noise. This discrepancy has led prior work to rely on complex objectives and architectures. In this work, we propose FAE (Feature Auto-Encoder), a simple yet effective framework that adapts pre-trained visual representations into low-dimensional latents suitable for generation using as little as a single attention layer, while retaining sufficient information for both reconstruction and understanding. The key is to couple two separate deep decoders: one trained to reconstruct the original feature space, and a second that takes the reconstructed features as input for image generation. FAE is generic; it can be instantiated with a variety of self-supervised encoders (e.g., DINO, SigLIP) and plugged into two distinct generative families: diffusion models and normalizing flows. Across class-conditional and text-to-image benchmarks, FAE achieves strong performance. For example, on ImageNet 256x256, our diffusion model with CFG attains a near state-of-the-art FID of 1.29 (800 epochs) and 1.70 (80 epochs). Without CFG, FAE reaches the state-of-the-art FID of 1.48 (800 epochs) and 2.08 (80 epochs), demonstrating both high quality and fast learning.

图像生成扩散模型特征适配预训练模型

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