arXiv:2512.11127cs.LGmath.OC2025-12

用流匹配提升图神经网络解法,确保电力调度结果又快又准。

Refining Graphical Neural Network Predictions Using Flow Matching for Optimal Power Flow with Constraint-Satisfaction Guarantee

  • 先用物理约束训练图神经网络生成可行解
  • 再用无仿真流匹配技术逼近最优解,成本差距小于0.1%
  • 适合需要频繁更新的高比例可再生能源电网

直流最优潮流(DC-OPF)是电力系统运行的核心问题,需快速求解以支持实时电网管理。传统优化求解器虽能获得最优解,但在大规模系统频繁重算时计算成本过高。机器学习方法虽可加速,但常难以兼顾约束满足与成本最优。本文提出一种两阶段学习框架,结合物理信息图神经网络(GNN)与连续流匹配(CFM)求解DC-OPF。第一阶段通过嵌入经济调度最优性条件、基尔霍夫定律及KKT互补条件的物理损失函数,训练GNN生成满足约束的初始解;第二阶段采用无仿真连续归一化流技术,通过学习向量场回归对解进行精细化优化。在包含5种负荷场景(70%~130%额定负载)的IEEE 30节点系统上评估,该方法在额定负载下成本偏差低于0.1%,极端条件下低于3%,且保持100%可行性。该框架弥合了快速但近似神经网络预测与最优但缓慢数值求解器之间的差距,为高比例可再生能源接入的现代电网提供实用调度方案。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

The DC Optimal Power Flow (DC-OPF) problem is fundamental to power system operations, requiring rapid solutions for real-time grid management. While traditional optimization solvers provide optimal solutions, their computational cost becomes prohibitive for large-scale systems requiring frequent recalculations. Machine learning approaches offer promise for acceleration but often struggle with constraint satisfaction and cost optimality. We present a novel two-stage learning framework that combines physics-informed Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) with Continuous Flow Matching (CFM) for solving DC-OPF problems. Our approach embeds fundamental physical principles--including economic dispatch optimality conditions, Kirchhoff's laws, and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) complementarity conditions--directly into the training objectives. The first stage trains a GNN to produce feasible initial solutions by learning from physics-informed losses that encode power system constraints. The second stage employs CFM, a simulation-free continuous normalizing flow technique, to refine these solutions toward optimality through learned vector field regression. Evaluated on the IEEE 30-bus system across five load scenarios ranging from 70\% to 130\% nominal load, our method achieves near-optimal solutions with cost gaps below 0.1\% for nominal loads and below 3\% for extreme conditions, while maintaining 100\% feasibility. Our framework bridges the gap between fast but approximate neural network predictions and optimal but slow numerical solvers, offering a practical solution for modern power systems with high renewable penetration requiring frequent dispatch updates.

电力系统图神经网络流匹配优化调度

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