arXiv:2512.13095cs.CVcs.LG2025-12被引 7

通过难度感知优化提示策略,提升强化学习的探索与泛化能力。

ADHint: Adaptive Hints with Difficulty Priors for Reinforcement Learning

  • 根据样本难度动态调整提示比例,平衡探索与模仿
  • 结合一致性梯度调制与选择性掩码,防止提示更新偏差
  • 基于轨迹难度后验估计优势,实现更稳定的训练

为解决强化学习(RL)能力扩展有限和样本效率低的问题,近期方法在后训练阶段引入'提示',即完整推理轨迹的前缀片段,以增强知识扩展与推理泛化。然而,现有提示方法常忽略难度在提示比率调度和相对优势估计中的作用,导致学习不稳且过度模仿离策略提示。为此,我们提出ADHint,将难度显式融入两个过程:首先,设计基于样本难度先验的自适应提示机制,评估当前策略下各样本难度,动态调节轨迹生成的提示比例;其次,引入基于一致性的梯度调制与选择性掩码,联合调控提示内的词元级梯度,防止偏差和破坏性更新;此外,提出基于轨迹难度后验的优势估计方法,利用带/不带提示轨迹的相对难度计算各自优势,实现更均衡的更新。在多种模态、规模、模型族和领域上的广泛实验表明,ADHint显著提升了推理能力与分布外泛化性能。代码将在论文接收后发布。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

To address the limited capability expansion and low sample efficiency of Reinforcement Learning (RL), recent methods have integrated ''hints'' into post-training, which are prefix segments of complete reasoning trajectories, aiming for powerful knowledge expansion and reasoning generalization. However, existing hint-based RL methods often neglect the role of difficulty in the hint-ratio schedule and relative-advantage estimation, resulting in unstable learning and excessive imitation of off-policy hints. To address this, we propose ADHint, which explicitly integrates difficulty into both processes to achieve a better trade-off between exploration and imitation. Specifically, we propose Adaptive Hint with Sample Difficulty Prior, which evaluates the difficulty of each sample under the current policy to schedule an appropriate hint ratio for rollout generation. Furthermore, we introduce Consistency-based Gradient Modulation alongside Selective Masking for Hint Preservation, which jointly modulate token-level gradients within hints to prevent biased and destructive updates. Additionally, we propose Advantage Estimation with Rollout Difficulty Posterior, which leverages the relative difficulty of rollouts with and without hints to compute their respective advantages, yielding more balanced updates. Extensive experiments across diverse modalities, scales, model families, and domains show that ADHint achieves superior reasoning capabilities and out-of-distribution generalization. Code will be released upon paper acceptance.

强化学习提示机制难度感知泛化能力

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