让视觉分词器的潜空间更懂语义,生成质量随预训练算力提升而显著改善。
Towards Scalable Pre-training of Visual Tokenizers for Generation
- 联合优化对比学习、自监督与重建损失,提升潜空间语义表达能力。
- 在ImageNet上达78.2%零样本准确率,生成收敛速度比先进蒸馏方法快4.1倍。
- 预训练算力投入越多,生成性能越强,突破传统自编码器瓶颈。
视觉分词器(如VAEs)的潜空间质量对现代生成模型至关重要。然而,传统的基于重建的训练方式使潜空间偏向低层信息,导致一个根本性缺陷:像素级精度越高,生成质量未必越好。这使得大量算力投入预训练却难以转化为生成性能提升。我们将其称为‘预训练缩放问题’,并提出必要转变:为有效支持生成,潜空间必须简洁地表征高层语义。本文提出VTP框架,首次实现图像-文本对比、自监督与重建损失的联合优化。大规模实验揭示两个核心发现:(1) 理解力是生成的关键驱动力;(2) 具有更优缩放特性,生成性能可随预训练算力、参数和数据有效提升。经大规模预训练后,我们的分词器在ImageNet上达到78.2%零样本准确率和0.36 rFID,生成收敛速度比先进蒸馏方法快4.1倍。更重要的是,仅增加预训练算力(不改标准DiT训练设置),即可在下游生成中实现65.8%的FID改进,而传统自编码器在1/10算力下即陷入停滞。预训练模型已开源于https://github.com/MiniMax-AI/VTP。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The quality of the latent space in visual tokenizers (e.g., VAEs) is crucial for modern generative models. However, the standard reconstruction-based training paradigm produces a latent space that is biased towards low-level information, leading to a foundation flaw: better pixel-level accuracy does not lead to higher-quality generation. This implies that pouring extensive compute into visual tokenizer pre-training translates poorly to improved performance in generation. We identify this as the ``pre-training scaling problem`` and suggest a necessary shift: to be effective for generation, a latent space must concisely represent high-level semantics. We present VTP, a unified visual tokenizer pre-training framework, pioneering the joint optimization of image-text contrastive, self-supervised, and reconstruction losses. Our large-scale study reveals two principal findings: (1) understanding is a key driver of generation, and (2) much better scaling properties, where generative performance scales effectively with compute, parameters, and data allocated to the pretraining of the visual tokenizer. After large-scale pre-training, our tokenizer delivers a competitive profile (78.2 zero-shot accuracy and 0.36 rFID on ImageNet) and 4.1 times faster convergence on generation compared to advanced distillation methods. More importantly, it scales effectively: without modifying standard DiT training specs, solely investing more FLOPS in pretraining VTP achieves 65.8\% FID improvement in downstream generation, while conventional autoencoder stagnates very early at 1/10 FLOPS. Our pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/MiniMax-AI/VTP.
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