比较五国自动驾驶车辆刑事责判定规则，提出需全球统一标准
Criminal Liability in AI-Enabled Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Study
- 对比美、德、英、中、印五国法律制度与判例
- 发现各国责任认定差异大，中国与德国要求最严
- 适合政策制定者与自动驾驶法律研究者参考
人工智能推动自动驾驶汽车（AV）发展，但引发复杂的刑事责任问题。本研究通过比较美国、德国、英国、中国和印度的法律条文、实际责任诉讼及学术文献，分析事故中人为错误归责、AI道德主体性以及主要责任方识别问题。结果表明，监管体系呈现碎片化：印度与美国依赖松散的州级法律网络，英国颁布了开创性的《2018年自动化与电动车法案》，德国实施严格安全标准并根据车辆运行模式区分责任，中国亦致力于建立严格的问责机制。研究指出，全球统一的法律标准对促进技术创新、保障最低风险并明确责任归属至关重要。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
AI revolutionizes transportation through autonomous vehicles (AVs) but introduces complex criminal liability issues regarding infractions. This study employs a comparative legal analysis of primary statutes, real-world liability claims, and academic literature across the US, Germany, UK, China, and India; jurisdictions selected for their technological advancement and contrasting regulatory approaches. The research examines the attribution of human error, AI moral agency, and the identification of primary offenders in AV incidents. Findings reveal fragmented regulatory landscapes: India and the US rely on loose networks of state laws, whereas the UK enacted the pioneering Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018. Germany enforces strict safety standards, distinguishing liability based on the vehicle's operating mode, while China similarly aims for a stringent liability regime. The study concludes that globally harmonized legal standards are essential to foster technological innovation while ensuring minimum risk and clear liability attribution.
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