arXiv:2512.14873cs.LG2025-12中稿 · 9 February 2026, d…

发现傅里叶网络提升效果源于正弦激活,提出更高效收敛的双激活层。

How Does Fourier Analysis Network Work? A Mechanism Analysis and a New Dual-Activation Layer Proposal

  • 仅正弦激活有益,其近零点非零导数缓解梯度消失
  • 显著加速模型收敛,三类任务均达更高或相当准确率
  • 适合追求快速训练与稳定优化的深度学习实践者

傅里叶分析网络(FAN)通过用正弦和余弦函数替代部分ReLU激活,近期被证明可稳定提升神经网络性能。本文揭示:仅正弦激活带来收益,余弦反而有害。改进并非源于周期性,而是正弦函数在x=0附近的非零导数特性,有效缓解了梯度消失问题。FAN主要解决‘死ReLU’现象——神经元持续接收负输入,输出零梯度导致停止学习。尽管现代ReLU变体如Leaky ReLU、GELU、Swish减少了零梯度区域,但仍存在梯度微弱区间,影响优化速度。本研究将机制理解从频域分析转向训练动态,据此提出双激活层(DAL),构建更稳定的梯度路径。在噪声正弦信号分类、MNIST手写数字识别与心电图生物识别三任务中,DAL模型收敛更快,验证准确率等效或更优。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Fourier Analysis Network (FAN) was recently proposed as a simple way to improve neural network performance by replacing part of Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activations with sine and cosine functions. Although several studies have reported small but consistent gains across tasks, the underlying mechanism behind these improvements has remained unclear. In this work, we show that only the sine activation contributes positively to performance, whereas the cosine activation tends to be detrimental. Our analysis reveals that the improvement is not a consequence of the sine function's periodic nature; instead, it stems from the function's local behavior near x = 0, where its non-zero derivative mitigates the vanishing-gradient problem. We further show that FAN primarily alleviates the dying-ReLU problem, in which a neuron consistently receives negative inputs, produces zero gradients, and stops learning. Although modern ReLU-like activations, such as Leaky ReLU, GELU, and Swish, reduce ReLU's zero-gradient region, they still contain input domains where gradients remain significantly diminished, contributing to slower optimization and hindering rapid convergence. FAN addresses this limitation by introducing a more stable gradient pathway. This analysis shifts the understanding of FAN's benefits from a spectral interpretation to a concrete analysis of training dynamics, leading to the development of the Dual-Activation Layer (DAL), a more efficient convergence accelerator. We evaluate DAL on three tasks: classification of noisy sinusoidal signals versus pure noise, MNIST digit classification, and Electrocardiogram (ECG)-based biometric recognition. In all cases, DAL models converge faster and achieve equal or higher validation accuracy compared to models with conventional activations.

神经网络激活函数梯度优化训练加速

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