公平投票机制提升民主合法性与抗风险能力,助力民主改革。
Fair Voting Methods as a Catalyst for Democratic Resilience: A Trilogy on Legitimacy, Impact and AI Safeguarding
- 采用累加投票与比例代表制结合,提升选民覆盖与地理代表性。
- 相比多数决,公平投票让更多人获胜,且在福利、教育领域更高效。
- 能有效抵御生成式AI带来的偏见,适合危机中的民主重建。
本文基于参与式预算等现实案例,揭示公平投票机制在三大方面的作用:(一)成为合法性孵化器,通过表达性选票与比例代表制组合,实现更多胜出者及更高(地理)代表性;(二)作为新型影响力加速器,催生低成本高成效的政策提案,尤其在福利、教育和文化领域表现突出;(三)为人工智能潜在风险提供保障,对生成式AI导致的偏差和不一致更具韧性。该机制不仅被胜选者接受,未获胜者也认为其更公正,促进利他与妥协等民主价值。研究指出,希腊等面临危机的民主国家可通过提升公民参与度和制度创新,借助公平投票增强系统韧性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
This article shows how fair voting methods can be a catalyst for change in the way we make collective decisions, and how such change can promote long-awaited upgrades of democracy. Based on real-world evidence from democratic innovations in participatory budgeting, in Switzerland and beyond, I highlight a trilogy of key research results: Fair voting methods achieve to be (i) legitimacy incubator, (ii) novel impact accelerator and (iii) safeguard for risks of artificial intelligence (AI). Compared to majoritarian voting methods, combining expressive ballot formats (e.g. cumulative voting) with ballot aggregation methods that promote proportional representation (e.g. equal shares) results in more winners and higher (geographical) representation of citizens. Such fair voting methods are preferred and found fairer even by voters who do not win, while promoting stronger democratic values for citizens such as altruism and compromise. They also result in new resourceful ideas to put for voting, which are cost-effective and win, especially in areas of welfare, education and culture. Strikingly, fair voting methods are also more resilient to biases and inconsistencies of generative AI in emerging scenarios of AI voting assistance or AI representation of voters who would be likely to abstain. I also review the relevance of such upgrades for democracies in crisis, such as the one of Greece featured in the recent study of `Unmute Democracy'. Greek democracy can build stronger resilience via higher representation of citizens in democratic processes as well as democratic innovations in participation. Fair voting methods can be a catalyst for both endeavors.
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