arXiv:2512.17667cs.CRcs.AI2025-12中稿 · IEEE INFOCOM 2026被引 3

零样本检索框架让模型通过逻辑特征识别未知网站,准确率超87%。

STAR: Semantic-Traffic Alignment and Retrieval for Zero-Shot HTTPS Website Fingerprinting

  • 将网站指纹攻击转为跨模态检索问题,用双编码器对齐流量与网页逻辑特征。
  • 在1600个未见网站上达到87.9%的顶1准确率,AUC达0.963。
  • 适用于隐私研究者和安全工具开发者,尤其关注加密流量泄露风险。

现代HTTPS机制如加密客户端问候(ECH)和加密DNS虽提升隐私,但仍易受网站指纹攻击——攻击者通过分析加密流量模式推断访问网站。现有方法依赖有监督学习和特定网站标注数据,难以扩展且无法应对新网站。本文提出STAR,将指纹识别重构为零样本跨模态检索任务。STAR采用双编码器架构,在15万条自动收集的流量-逻辑配对数据上训练,使用对比损失与一致性目标,并结合结构感知增强,学习加密流量与爬取时网页逻辑特征的联合嵌入空间。训练时不需目标网站的实际流量。在1600个未见过的网站上测试,STAR实现87.9%的顶1准确率和0.963的AUC,优于有监督与少样本基线。仅用每站点4条标注样本添加适配器后,顶5准确率提升至98.8%。分析揭示现代协议中存在内在语义-流量对齐,表明语义泄漏是加密HTTPS流量的主要隐私风险。论文发布数据集与代码以支持复现与后续研究。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Modern HTTPS mechanisms such as Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) and encrypted DNS improve privacy but remain vulnerable to website fingerprinting (WF) attacks, where adversaries infer visited sites from encrypted traffic patterns. Existing WF methods rely on supervised learning with site-specific labeled traces, which limits scalability and fails to handle previously unseen websites. We address these limitations by reformulating WF as a zero-shot cross-modal retrieval problem and introducing STAR. STAR learns a joint embedding space for encrypted traffic traces and crawl-time logic profiles using a dual-encoder architecture. Trained on 150K automatically collected traffic-logic pairs with contrastive and consistency objectives and structure-aware augmentation, STAR retrieves the most semantically aligned profile for a trace without requiring target-side traffic during training. Experiments on 1,600 unseen websites show that STAR achieves 87.9 percent top-1 accuracy and 0.963 AUC in open-world detection, outperforming supervised and few-shot baselines. Adding an adapter with only four labeled traces per site further boosts top-5 accuracy to 98.8 percent. Our analysis reveals intrinsic semantic-traffic alignment in modern web protocols, identifying semantic leakage as the dominant privacy risk in encrypted HTTPS traffic. We release STAR's datasets and code to support reproducibility and future research.

网站指纹零样本隐私安全加密流量

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