分析2010-2023年全球AI专利，揭示中美主导、欧洲难成独立创新极。
Owning the Intelligence: Global AI Patents Landscape and Europe's Quest for Technological Sovereignty
- 整合专利、企业与引用数据，追踪全球AI创新格局演变。
- 中国专利量领先，美国在引用影响力上占优，欧洲专利质量高但份额有限。
- 欧洲缺乏自主创新枢纽，技术能力比政治整合更决定其全球参与度。
人工智能已成为全球科技竞争的核心领域，也是欧洲追求技术主权的关键议题。本文分析了2010至2023年间全球人工智能专利情况，评估欧洲在中美主导的日益两极化的创新格局中的地位。通过整合专利、企业、所有权及引用数据，研究考察了AI创新的地理分布、专业化程度及国际传播。结果表明，专利格局高度集中：中国在专利数量上领先，美国则在引用影响和技术创新力方面占据优势。欧洲虽仅占少数专利份额，但显示出相对较高的专利质量。技术邻近性分析显示，全球创新正趋同于美国路径，而欧洲仍呈碎片化状态，未能形成独立创新极。重力模型估计表明，跨境AI知识流动主要受技术能力和专业化的驱动，地理与制度因素作用较弱。欧盟成员身份并未显著提升欧洲内部知识扩散，说明技术能力而非政治整合才是参与全球AI创新网络的关键。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Artificial intelligence has become a key arena of global technological competition and a central concern for Europe's quest for technological sovereignty. This paper analyzes global AI patenting from 2010 to 2023 to assess Europe's position in an increasingly bipolar innovation landscape dominated by the United States and China. Using linked patent, firm, ownership, and citation data, we examine the geography, specialization, and international diffusion of AI innovation. We find a highly concentrated patent landscape: China leads in patent volumes, while the United States dominates in citation impact and technological influence. Europe accounts for a limited share of AI patents but exhibits signals of relatively high patent quality. Technological proximity reveals global convergence toward U.S. innovation trajectories, with Europe remaining fragmented rather than forming an autonomous pole. Gravity-model estimates show that cross-border AI knowledge flows are driven primarily by technological capability and specialization, while geographic and institutional factors play a secondary role. EU membership does not significantly enhance intra-European knowledge diffusion, suggesting that technological capacity, rather than political integration, underpins participation in global AI innovation networks.
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