用光强调制实现高精度可编程光子伊辛机，支持大规模稀疏问题求解。
Incorporating rank-free coupling and external field via an incoherent modulated spatial photonic Ising machine
- 仅通过幅度调制实现任意耦合与外场编码，无需辅助自旋或复用。
- 可直接编程797自旋全连接模型，精度达近9比特，每秒运行200次。
- 实测解决超40万顶点莫比乌斯梯形图最大割问题，适合大规模优化任务。
空间光子伊辛机为优化与自旋模型模拟提供了新型光学平台，但现有基于衍射的方案依赖辅助自旋或复用以编码高秩耦合与外场，导致速度或自旋数量受限。本文展示一种仅使用幅度调制的无秩限制光子伊辛机，任意伊辛哈密顿量通过对齐的幅度与二值空间调制器进行哈达玛积编码，并由单像素强度测量读出。该机器可直接编程含外场的797自旋全连接伊辛模型，精度接近9比特，以约200赫兹的恒定迭代速率运行。通过消除零值乘积项，同一架构可扩展至稀疏问题，实验求解了含424,108个顶点的莫比乌斯梯形图最大割实例。还观测到Sherrington-Kirkpatrick模型的相变现象，证明了超越低秩耦合的可编程光学模拟能力。这些结果确立了幅度调制作为可扩展可编程光子伊辛机的可行路径。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Spatial photonic Ising machines offer a novel optical platform for optimization and spin-model simulation, but existing diffraction-based schemes rely on auxiliary spins or multiplexing to encode high-rank couplings and external fields, reducing either speed or spin count. We demonstrate an amplitude-only, rank-free spatial photonic Ising machine in which arbitrary Ising Hamiltonians are encoded as Hadamard products on aligned amplitude and binary spatial modulators and read out by a single-pixel intensity measurement. The machine directly programs fully connected 797-spin Ising models with external fields at nearly 9-bit precision and operates at a constant iteration rate of ~200 Hz. By removing zero-valued product terms, the same architecture scales to sparse problems and experimentally solves a Max-Cut instance on a 424,108-vertex Mobius ladder graph. We also observe the phase transition of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model, demonstrating programmable optical simulation beyond low-rank couplings. These results establish amplitude modulation as a scalable route to programmable photonic Ising machines.
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