发现视觉语言模型中少数高熵令牌是攻击关键点,可高效触发错误。
High-Entropy Tokens as Multimodal Failure Points in Vision-Language Models
- 定位生成过程中高熵令牌,集中攻击其位置
- 仅扰动20%高熵点即造成严重语义偏差,成功率93%-95%
- 攻击具有跨模型转移性,适合评估模型鲁棒性
视觉语言模型(VLMs)虽表现优异,但仍易受对抗攻击。熵作为模型不确定性的度量,与可靠性高度相关。以往方法在所有解码步骤最大化不确定性,隐含假设每个令牌对不稳定性贡献相同;我们发现,在多种架构的代表性开源VLM中,约20%的高熵令牌集中了不成比例的对抗影响。将攻击集中在这些高熵位置,可实现与全局方法相当的语义退化,但仅需优化较少解码位置。此外,此类攻击在多个主流VLM中不仅引发语义漂移,还导致20%-31%的输出为不安全内容。值得注意的是,这些脆弱高熵令牌在不同架构间重复出现,使攻击具备非平凡的迁移能力。基于此,我们设计了熵引导攻击(EGA),通过稀疏高熵目标定位并引入可复用令牌库,在三款代表性开源VLM上实现93%-95%攻击成功率和30.2%-38.6%的有害率。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Vision-language models (VLMs) achieve remarkable performance but remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Entropy, as a measure of model uncertainty, is highly correlated with VLM reliability. While prior entropy-based attacks maximize uncertainty at all decoding steps, implicitly assuming that every token equally contributes to model instability, we reveal that a small fraction (around 20%) of high-entropy tokens, in the evaluated representative open-source VLMs with diverse architectures, concentrates a disproportionate share of adversarial influence during autoregressive generation. We demonstrate that concentrating adversarial perturbations on these high-entropy positions achieves comparable semantic degradation to global methods while optimizing fewer decoding positions. Additionally, across multiple representative VLMs, such attacks induce not only semantic drift but also a substantial unsafe subset (20-31%) under the current pipeline. Remarkably, since such vulnerable high-entropy tokens recur across architecturally diverse VLMs, attacks focused on them exhibit non-trivial transferability. Motivated by these findings, we design a simple Entropy-Guided Attack (EGA) that operationalizes sparse high-entropy targeting and extends it with a reusable token bank, yielding competitive attack success rates (93-95%) with a considerable harmful rate (30.2-38.6%) on the three representative open-source VLMs.
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