arXiv:2601.00896econ.GNcs.LG2026-01

用统计与机器学习分析美籍与非美籍劳动者医保和就业差异,发现非公民在福利性医保上严重不平等。

Investigation into U.S. Citizen and Non-Citizen Worker Health Insurance and Employment

  • 结合卡方检验与聚类算法,识别出5类人口群体
  • 非公民虽参与就业,但雇主提供医保比例显著更低
  • 教育水平是主要分界线,就业状态为次要区分因素

社会经济融合是社会公平的关键维度,但不同人口群体在医保、教育和就业方面仍存在持续差异。现有研究多聚焦单一不平等维度,缺乏整合统计分析与先进机器学习方法以揭示人口数据深层结构的研究。本研究采用卡方独立性检验与两样本Z检验,并结合K-Modes、K-Prototypes聚类、t-SNE可视化及CatBoost分类模型,分析社会经济融合与不平等问题。通过统计测试,我们确定了有医保、优质教育和就业的人口比例。结果显示,就业与公民身份存在关联。机器学习识别出5个显著的人口群体。这些群组表明,尽管公民身份不影响劳动力参与率,但在雇主提供的医疗保险获取上存在显著差距。五个聚类反映不同人口特征:教育水平为主要分界,将群组0和4与群组1、2、3分离;劳动参与状态与出生地为次级区分因素。非公民更集中于无福利的不稳定工作,凸显医疗保障系统中的结构性不公。该研究揭示了多重劣势群体的分布模式,推动对社会经济分层的深入理解。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Socioeconomic integration is a critical dimension of social equity, yet persistent disparities remain in access to health insurance, education, and employment across different demographic groups. While previous studies have examined isolated aspects of inequality, there is limited research that integrates both statistical analysis and advanced machine learning to uncover hidden structures within population data. This study leverages statistical analysis ($χ^2$ test of independence and Two Proportion Z-Test) and machine learning clustering techniques -- K-Modes and K-Prototypes -- along with t-SNE visualization and CatBoost classification to analyze socioeconomic integration and inequality. Using statistical tests, we identified the proportion of the population with healthcare insurance, quality education, and employment. With this data, we concluded that there was an association between employment and citizenship status. Moreover, we were able to determine 5 distinct population groups using Machine Learning classification. The five clusters our analysis identifies reveal that while citizenship status shows no association with workforce participation, significant disparities exist in access to employer-sponsored health insurance. Each cluster represents a distinct demographic of the population, showing that there is a primary split along the lines of educational attainment which separates Clusters 0 and 4 from Clusters 1, 2, and 3. Furthermore, labor force status and nativity serve as secondary differentiators. Non-citizens are also disproportionately concentrated in precarious employment without benefits, highlighting systemic inequalities in healthcare access. By uncovering demographic clusters that face compounded disadvantages, this research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of socioeconomic stratification.

医保公平机器学习社会不平等

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