提出连续放大采样方法,解决病理模型在中间倍数下性能下降问题。
Mind the Gap: Continuous Magnification Sampling for Pathology Foundation Models
- 将倍数采样建模为多源域适应,发现离散采样存在中间倍数盲区
- 连续采样使中间倍数准确率提升最高4个百分点,优化分布进一步增益
- 新基准验证模型表现受倍数影响显著,适合病理图像多倍数分析研究者
在组织病理学中,病理学家需同时观察低倍数下的组织结构和高倍数下的细微形态。然而,病理基础模型在不同倍数下的表现及其训练时的倍数采样策略尚不明确。本文将倍数采样建模为多源域适应问题,提出简洁理论框架,揭示采样策略间的系统性权衡。我们发现广泛采用的离散均匀采样(0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mpp)会导致中间倍数性能下降。为此提出连续倍数采样,消除倍数覆盖空隙,同时保持标准倍数性能。进一步推导出优化采样分布以提升跨倍数表征质量。为评估策略,引入两个新基准(TCGA-MS、BRACS-MS)及适配指标。实验表明,连续采样在中间倍数上显著优于离散采样,平衡分类准确率最高提升4个百分点;优化分布可进一步提升性能。最后评估现有病理基础模型,发现倍数是模型性能差异的主要驱动因素。本工作为未来在全倍数范围内稳定表现的病理基础模型奠定基础。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
In histopathology, pathologists examine both tissue architecture at low magnification and fine-grained morphology at high magnification. Yet, the performance of pathology foundation models across magnifications and the effect of magnification sampling during training remain poorly understood. We model magnification sampling as a multi-source domain adaptation problem and develop a simple theoretical framework that reveals systematic trade-offs between sampling strategies. We show that the widely used discrete uniform sampling of magnifications (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mpp) leads to degradation at intermediate magnifications. We introduce continuous magnification sampling, which removes gaps in magnification coverage while preserving performance at standard scales. Further, we derive sampling distributions that optimize representation quality across magnification scales. To evaluate these strategies, we introduce two new benchmarks (TCGA-MS, BRACS-MS) with appropriate metrics. Our experiments show that continuous sampling substantially improves over discrete sampling at intermediate magnifications, with gains of up to 4 percentage points in balanced classification accuracy, and that optimized distributions can further improve performance. Finally, we evaluate current histopathology foundation models, finding that magnification is a primary driver of performance variation across models. Our work paves the way towards future pathology foundation models that perform reliably across magnifications.
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