提出TNT方法,让模型智能判断是否思考,减少计算开销同时防奖励作弊。
Thinking-Based Non-Thinking: Solving the Reward Hacking Problem in Training Hybrid Reasoning Models via Reinforcement Learning
- 根据回答中的解题信息动态设定不思考时的最大词数
- 在5个数学数据集上节省约50%算力,准确率还更高
- 奖励作弊率低于10%,适合追求效率与可靠性平衡的场景
大型推理模型(LRMs)因卓越性能备受关注,但其表现主要依赖于长链式思维(CoT),带来显著计算开销。为解决过度思考问题,现有方法采用强化学习(RL)训练混合推理模型,使其根据查询复杂度自动决定是否启用思维。然而,使用RL会引发奖励作弊问题:模型实际进行了思考却被判定为未思考,导致错误奖励。现有工作或采用监督微调(SFT),成本高昂;或对非思考响应统一设置词数限制,缓解效果有限。本文提出思维基非思考(TNT)方法,不依赖SFT,而是利用带思考的回答中解题组件的信息,为不同查询动态设定非思考响应的最大词数。在五个数学基准上的实验表明,TNT相较DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B/7B和DeepScaleR-1.5B,token使用量降低约50%,同时显著提升准确率。事实上,TNT在所有测试方法中实现了最佳的准确率与效率权衡。此外,所有数据集上,被分类为不使用思考的TNT响应,奖励作弊概率均低于10%。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether to engage in thinking or not based on the complexity of the query. Unfortunately, using RL will suffer the the reward hacking problem, e.g., the model engages in thinking but is judged as not doing so, resulting in incorrect rewards. To mitigate this problem, existing works either employ supervised fine-tuning (SFT), which incurs high computational costs, or enforce uniform token limits on non-thinking responses, which yields limited mitigation of the problem. In this paper, we propose Thinking-Based Non-Thinking (TNT). It does not employ SFT, and sets different maximum token usage for responses not using thinking across various queries by leveraging information from the solution component of the responses using thinking. Experiments on five mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that TNT reduces token usage by around 50% compared to DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B/7B and DeepScaleR-1.5B, while significantly improving accuracy. In fact, TNT achieves the optimal trade-off between accuracy and efficiency among all tested methods. Additionally, the probability of reward hacking problem in TNT's responses, which are classified as not using thinking, remains below 10% across all tested datasets.
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