arXiv:2601.11716physics.ins-detcs.LG2026-01被引 5

一个模型搞定所有粒子的探测器簇射模拟,速度快且真实度高。

AllShowers: One model for all calorimeter showers

  • 用统一生成模型替代多种粒子分开建模,提升可扩展性。
  • 在多能区和入射角下生成电子、光子、强子等真实簇射,无需重训练。
  • 采用注意力掩码和最优传输优化,兼顾效率与生成质量,适合高能物理仿真。

精确高效的探测器模拟对现代对撞机实验至关重要。为降低计算成本,已有多种基于机器学习的快速代理模型被提出。传统模型对每种粒子类型需独立训练网络,限制了可扩展性和复用性。本文提出AllShowers,一种统一的生成模型,仅用一个模型即可模拟多种粒子类型的量能器簇射。该模型基于连续归一化流与Transformer架构,能够生成具有复杂空间与能量关联的变长点云表示。在高颗粒度ILD探测器的多样化模拟数据集上训练后,其可在不重新训练的情况下,生成电子、光子及带电/中性强子在宽能区和角度范围内的真实簇射。相比以往单一粒子类型模型,其对强子簇射的保真度更高。关键创新包括层嵌入机制以学习各探测层属性、自定义注意力掩码以减少计算开销并引入有益归纳偏置,以及簇射与层级最优传输映射,提升训练收敛性与样本质量。AllShowers标志着向对撞机实验中通用量能器簇射模拟迈出了重要一步。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Accurate and efficient detector simulation is essential for modern collider experiments. To reduce the high computational cost, various fast machine learning surrogate models have been proposed. Traditional surrogate models for calorimeter shower modeling train separate networks for each particle species, limiting scalability and reuse. We introduce AllShowers, a unified generative model that simulates calorimeter showers across multiple particle types using a single generative model. AllShowers is a continuous normalizing flow model with a Transformer architecture, enabling it to generate complex spatial and energy correlations in variable-length point cloud representations of showers. Trained on a diverse dataset of simulated showers in the highly granular ILD detector, the model demonstrates the ability to generate realistic showers for electrons, photons, and charged and neutral hadrons across a wide range of incident energies and angles without retraining. In addition to unifying shower generation for multiple particle types, AllShowers surpasses the fidelity of previous single-particle-type models for hadronic showers. Key innovations include the use of a layer embedding, allowing the model to learn all relevant calorimeter layer properties; a custom attention masking scheme to reduce computational demands and introduce a helpful inductive bias; and a shower- and layer-wise optimal transport mapping to improve training convergence and sample quality. AllShowers marks a significant step towards a universal model for calorimeter shower simulations in collider experiments.

生成模型探测器模拟粒子物理Transformer

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