解决推理模型奖励标注噪声问题,提升步骤级判断准确性
Towards Robust Process Reward Modeling via Noise-aware Learning
- 用大模型识别反思与自我修正行为,修正错误奖励
- 提出噪声感知迭代训练框架,逐步优化有噪标签
- 在复杂推理任务中提升步骤正确率27%以上
过程奖励模型(PRMs)在复杂推理任务中表现优异,但受限于昂贵的过程级标注。常用方法蒙特卡洛估计(MCE)将过程奖励定义为从某一步推理出发,策略模型达到正确最终答案的概率。然而,步骤正确性是推理轨迹的内在属性,应独立于策略选择。实证发现MCE生成依赖策略的奖励,引入标签噪声,包括错误地奖励错误步骤(假阳性)和惩罚正确步骤(假阴性)。为此,我们提出两阶段框架以缓解噪声监督。第一阶段为标注阶段,引入反射感知的标签修正机制,利用大语言模型作为裁判,检测当前推理步骤相关的反思与自我修正行为,从而抑制高估奖励。第二阶段为训练阶段,提出噪声感知迭代训练框架,使PRM能基于自身置信度逐步精炼噪声标签。大量实验表明,该方法显著提升了步骤级正确性判别能力,在平均F1上相较使用噪声监督训练的PRM提高了高达27%的绝对值。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Process Reward Models (PRMs) have achieved strong results in complex reasoning, but are bottlenecked by costly process-level supervision. A widely used alternative, Monte Carlo Estimation (MCE), defines process rewards as the probability that a policy model reaches the correct final answer from a given reasoning step. However, step correctness is an intrinsic property of the reasoning trajectory, and should be invariant to policy choice. Our empirical findings show that MCE producing policy-dependent rewards that induce label noise, including false positives that reward incorrect steps and false negatives that penalize correct ones. To address above challenges, we propose a two-stage framework to mitigate noisy supervision. In the labeling stage, we introduce a reflection-aware label correction mechanism that uses a large language model (LLM) as a judge to detect reflection and self-correction behaviors related to the current reasoning step, thereby suppressing overestimated rewards. In the training stage, we further propose a \underline{\textbf{N}}oise-\underline{\textbf{A}}ware \underline{\textbf{I}}terative \underline{\textbf{T}}raining framework that enables the PRM to progressively refine noisy labels based on its own confidence. Extensive Experiments show that our method substantially improves step-level correctness discrimination, achieving up to a 27\% absolute gain in average F1 over PRMs trained with noisy supervision.
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