ChatGPT应被视作搜索与平台的混合体，需承担最严苛的欧盟数字服务义务。
Between Search and Platform: ChatGPT Under the DSA
- 将ChatGPT定位为兼具搜索与平台功能的托管服务，厘清法律归属
- 用户超4500万，面临非法内容、民主安全等重大系统性风险
- 适合关注AI监管、数字政策与欧盟合规的从业者和研究者
本文探讨《数字服务法》（DSA）对ChatGPT的适用性，主张其应被归类为在线搜索引擎与平台的混合体。这要求将搜索引擎视为托管服务，而我们在文中证明该归类在DSA框架下合理，从而解决法律模糊性。ChatGPT执行核心搜索功能，并存储用户输入与自定义GPT，符合托管服务定义。通过对比现有超大型在线搜索引擎（VLOSEs）与超大型平台（VLOPs）的系统性风险，发现其在非法内容传播、基本权利侵犯、民主完整性及公共健康方面引发类似严重关切。如今ChatGPT已达到4500万欧盟用户门槛，应承担最严格的DSA义务，包括对其搜索与平台双重属性带来的风险进行评估与缓解。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
This article examines the applicability of the Digital Services Act (DSA) to ChatGPT, arguing that it should be classified as a hybrid of the two types of hosting services: online search engines and platforms. This requires classifying search engines as hosting services, which we show is appropriate under the DSA, thereby resolving an ambiguity in the legal framework. ChatGPT performs core search functions and stores user-provided inputs and custom GPTs, meeting the definition of hosting service. We compare ChatGPT's systemic risks with those of existing Very Large Online Search Engines (VLOSEs) and Platforms (VLOPs), showing that it raises similarly serious concerns regarding illegal content, fundamental rights, democratic integrity, and public health. Now that ChatGPT has reached the 45 million EU user threshold, it should be subject to the most onerous DSA obligations, requiring the assessment and mitigation of risk emanating from both its online search engine- and platform-like characteristics.
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