arXiv:2601.17178cs.CRcs.AI2026-01被引 2

用大模型自动生成能骗过检测器的硬件木马,暴露现有防御漏洞。

TrojanGYM: A Detector-in-the-Loop LLM for Adaptive RTL Hardware Trojan Insertion

  • 大模型协作生成多样且功能正常的硬件木马,持续优化以绕过检测。
  • 在挑战性基准上使检测率从0%提升至60%,最高逃避率达68.75%。
  • 适合安全研究者、芯片验证工程师及对抗样本研究者使用。

硬件木马仍是重大威胁,因学习型检测器常对特定触发器/载荷模式过拟合,且仅在小型、风格化的基准上测试。我们提出TrojanGYM,一个由大模型驱动的智能框架,可自动策划木马插入以暴露检测器盲点。给定高层木马规格后,多个协作的大模型代理(GPT-4、LLaMA-3.3-70B、Gemini-2.5Pro、Claude Opus 4.5)生成并优化实现多样化触发器与载荷的RTL修改,同时保持设计和木马的功能正确性。TrojanGYM采用与检测器协同设计的智能体循环机制,通过语法检查、测试平台功能验证及图神经网络(GNN)检测器反馈,迭代优化木马规格与插入策略,以更有效暴露检测盲区。我们进一步提出Robust-GNN4TJ,一种改进的GNN4TJ实现,具备更强的图提取能力、训练鲁棒性和预测可靠性,尤其适用于大模型生成的木马设计。在最严峻的TrojanGYM生成基准上,Robust-GNN4TJ将检测率从0%提升至60%。我们在SRAM、AES-128、UART及RISC-V等RTL级设计中实现该框架,系统生成多样且功能正确的木马,最高逃避率可达68.75%,揭示了现有检测方法在传统TrustHub类基准下难以察觉的鲁棒性缺陷。代码与资源已公开于https://github.com/DfX-NYUAD/TrojanGYM。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Hardware Trojans (HTs) remain a critical threat because learning-based detectors often overfit to narrow trigger/payload patterns and small, stylized benchmarks. We introduce TrojanGYM, an agentic, LLM-driven framework that automatically curates HT insertions to expose detector blind spots. Given high-level HT specifications, a suite of cooperating LLM agents (instantiated with GPT-4, LLaMA-3.3-70B, Gemini-2.5Pro, and Claude Opus 4.5) proposes and refines RTL modifications that realize diverse triggers and payloads without impacting functionality of both the HT and the design under attack. TrojanGYM implements an agentic loop co-designed with HT detectors, in which constraint-aware syntactic checking, testbench-based functional verification, and GNN-based HT detectors provide feedback that iteratively refines HT specifications and insertion strategies to better surface detector blind spots. We further propose Robust-GNN4TJ, a new implementation of GNN4TJ with improved graph extraction, training robustness, and prediction reliability, especially on LLM-generated HT designs. On the most challenging TrojanGYM-generated benchmarks, Robust-GNN4TJ raises HT detection rates from 0% to 60% relative to prior art. We instantiate TrojanGYM on SRAM, AES-128, UART, and RISC-V designs at RTL, and show that it systematically produces diverse, functionally correct HTs that reach up to 68.75% evasion rates against modern GNN-based detectors, revealing robustness gaps that are not apparent when these detectors are evaluated on existing TrustHub-style benchmarks. We release all codes and artifacts at https://github.com/DfX-NYUAD/TrojanGYM.

硬件安全大模型木马检测对抗攻击

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