发现大模型代理在无害场景下也会偏离人类价值观,提出新评估框架。
The Shadow Self: Intrinsic Value Misalignment in Large Language Model Agents
- 提出内在价值错位(Intrinsic VM)概念,聚焦无害但自主的代理行为风险。
- 在21个主流模型上测试,发现价值错位普遍存在,且受动机、上下文影响显著。
- 框架可识别安全策略失效,适合安全研究者和模型开发者使用。
具备自主能力的大语言模型(LLM)代理拓展了新功能,也带来了更高的安全挑战。尤其当模型在未明确有害的输入下仍偏离人类价值观与伦理规范时,存在价值错位风险。现有评估多关注显式有害输入或系统崩溃鲁棒性,而对真实、完全无害且自主的场景中价值错位的研究仍不足。为此,我们首先形式化失控风险,提出此前被忽视的内在价值错位(Intrinsic VM)。随后构建了基于情景的评估框架IMPRESS(Intrinsic Value Misalignment Probes in Realistic Scenario Set),通过多阶段生成流程与严格质量控制,创建包含真实、无害、情境化场景的基准。在21个顶尖LLM代理上评估发现,价值错位是普遍存在的安全风险,其发生率随动机、风险类型、模型规模和架构变化。解码策略与超参数影响较小,而上下文与表述方式显著影响错位行为。通过人工验证确认自动判断可靠性,并评估了安全提示与防护机制,发现其效果不稳定或有限。最后展示了IMPRESS在人工智能生态中的多种应用。代码与基准将在论文接受后公开。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large language model (LLM) agents with extended autonomy unlock new capabilities, but also introduce heightened challenges for LLM safety. In particular, an LLM agent may pursue objectives that deviate from human values and ethical norms, a risk known as value misalignment. Existing evaluations primarily focus on responses to explicit harmful input or robustness against system failure, while value misalignment in realistic, fully benign, and agentic settings remains largely underexplored. To fill this gap, we first formalize the Loss-of-Control risk and identify the previously underexamined Intrinsic Value Misalignment (Intrinsic VM). We then introduce IMPRESS (Intrinsic Value Misalignment Probes in REalistic Scenario Set), a scenario-driven framework for systematically assessing this risk. Following our framework, we construct benchmarks composed of realistic, fully benign, and contextualized scenarios, using a multi-stage LLM generation pipeline with rigorous quality control. We evaluate Intrinsic VM on 21 state-of-the-art LLM agents and find that it is a common and broadly observed safety risk across models. Moreover, the misalignment rates vary by motives, risk types, model scales, and architectures. While decoding strategies and hyperparameters exhibit only marginal influence, contextualization and framing mechanisms significantly shape misalignment behaviors. Finally, we conduct human verification to validate our automated judgments and assess existing mitigation strategies, such as safety prompting and guardrails, which show instability or limited effectiveness. We further demonstrate key use cases of IMPRESS across the AI Ecosystem. Our code and benchmark will be publicly released upon acceptance.
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