arXiv:2601.20687cs.LG2026-01被引 6

无需人工标注或奖励模型,让本地小模型通过自生成偏好完成强化学习对齐。

Positive-Unlabeled Reinforcement Learning Distillation for On-Premise Small Models

  • 利用教师模型生成锚定响应,学生模型自采样并进行锚定自排序
  • 在本地实现完全闭环训练,无需外部奖励模型或人工标注
  • 适合资源受限的私有部署场景,尤其适用于小模型强化学习对齐

由于隐私、成本和延迟限制,本地部署小模型越来越普遍。然而,大多数实际流程仅止步于监督微调(SFT),未能进入强化学习(RL)对齐阶段。主要原因在于RL对齐通常需要昂贵的人工偏好标注,或依赖大规模API调用和持续工程维护的高质量奖励模型,均不适用于本地环境。为此,我们提出一种面向本地小模型部署的正负样本(PU)强化学习蒸馏方法。无需人工标注偏好或奖励模型,该方法从黑盒生成中蒸馏教师模型的偏好优化能力,转化为可本地训练的学生模型。对于每个提示,仅需查询教师一次获取锚定响应,本地采样多个学生候选,并基于锚定条件进行自排序,生成成对或列表式偏好信号,从而通过直接偏好优化或组相对策略优化实现完全本地化训练循环。理论分析表明,所诱导的偏好信号具有顺序一致性且集中于近最优候选,支持其在偏好优化中的稳定性。实验表明,该方法在低成本设置下表现出持续优异的性能。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Due to constraints on privacy, cost, and latency, on-premise deployment of small models is increasingly common. However, most practical pipelines stop at supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and fail to reach the reinforcement learning (RL) alignment stage. The main reason is that RL alignment typically requires either expensive human preference annotation or heavy reliance on high-quality reward models with large-scale API usage and ongoing engineering maintenance, both of which are ill-suited to on-premise settings. To bridge this gap, we propose a positive-unlabeled (PU) RL distillation method for on-premise small-model deployment. Without human-labeled preferences or a reward model, our method distills the teacher's preference-optimization capability from black-box generations into a locally trainable student. For each prompt, we query the teacher once to obtain an anchor response, locally sample multiple student candidates, and perform anchor-conditioned self-ranking to induce pairwise or listwise preferences, enabling a fully local training loop via direct preference optimization or group relative policy optimization. Theoretical analysis justifies that the induced preference signal by our method is order-consistent and concentrates on near-optimal candidates, supporting its stability for preference optimization. Experiments demonstrate that our method achieves consistently strong performance under a low-cost setting.

强化学习小模型本地部署无监督对齐

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