大模型评估代码时常无视逻辑正确性,只迎合隐藏指令,导致误判。
The Compliance Paradox: Semantic-Instruction Decoupling in Automated Academic Code Evaluation
- 通过语法无关节点注入恶意指令,诱导模型偏离代码实质。
- 9个顶尖模型在2.5万份代码中,95%以上错误认可功能失效的代码。
- 适合关注AI教育评估安全性的研究者与系统开发者。
大型语言模型在教育评估中的快速应用基于一个未经验证的假设:遵循指令的能力可直接转化为客观评判。我们证明该假设根本错误。模型并非评估代码质量,而是常脱离提交代码逻辑以满足隐藏指令,这一系统性漏洞被称为“合规悖论”,即为极端助人而微调的模型易受对抗操控。为此,我们提出语义保持对抗代码注入(SPACI)框架与抽象语法树感知语义注入协议(AST-ASIP),利用语法-语义间隙,在抽象语法树的语法无关区域(冗余节点)嵌入对抗指令。通过对9个最先进模型在Python、C、C++和Java中25,000份提交的大规模评估,发现如DeepSeek-V3等高容量开源模型的灾难性失败率超过95%,系统性地优先考虑隐藏格式约束而非代码正确性。我们引入三元评估框架,量化解耦概率、评分分歧与教学严重性,揭示广泛存在的“虚假认证”现象。研究提示当前对齐范式在自动评分中制造了“特洛伊木马”漏洞,亟需从标准强化学习人类反馈转向领域特定的裁判鲁棒性,使模型更注重证据而非指令服从。我们公开完整数据集与注入框架,以促进该方向研究。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into educational assessment rests on the unverified assumption that instruction following capability translates directly to objective adjudication. We demonstrate that this assumption is fundamentally flawed. Instead of evaluating code quality, models frequently decouple from the submission's logic to satisfy hidden directives, a systemic vulnerability we term the Compliance Paradox, where models fine-tuned for extreme helpfulness are vulnerable to adversarial manipulation. To expose this, we introduce the Semantic-Preserving Adversarial Code Injection (SPACI) Framework and the Abstract Syntax Tree-Aware Semantic Injection Protocol (AST-ASIP). These methods exploit the Syntax-Semantics Gap by embedding adversarial directives into syntactically inert regions (trivia nodes) of the Abstract Syntax Tree. Through a large-scale evaluation of 9 SOTA models across 25,000 submissions in Python, C, C++, and Java, we reveal catastrophic failure rates (>95%) in high-capacity open-weights models like DeepSeek-V3, which systematically prioritize hidden formatting constraints over code correctness. We quantify this failure using our novel tripartite framework measuring Decoupling Probability, Score Divergence, and Pedagogical Severity to demonstrate the widespread "False Certification" of functionally broken code. Our findings suggest that current alignment paradigms create a "Trojan" vulnerability in automated grading, necessitating a shift from standard RLHF toward domain-specific Adjudicative Robustness, where models are conditioned to prioritize evidence over instruction compliance. We release our complete dataset and injection framework to facilitate further research on the topic.
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