用街景图分析城市材料对热岛效应的影响，实现高分辨率模拟。
HeatMat: Simulation of City Material Impact on Urban Heat Island Effect
- 基于街景图像和视觉语言模型估算建筑材质，补全地图数据。
- 构建2.5D热传导模型，支持多分辨率温度快速估算，提速20倍。
- 适合城市规划、气候研究者，用于评估新型建筑材料降温效果。
城市热岛效应指城市区域温度显著高于周边乡村的现象，真实城市中因传感器数据空间与时间分辨率有限，难以准确研究。城市材料特性是导致该效应的重要因素之一，但准确估算城市建筑立面等材料分布仍具挑战。本文提出HeatMat方法，仅依赖开放数据，在高分辨率下分析城市材料对热岛效应的独立影响。通过街景图像结合预训练视觉语言模型（VLM），补全OpenStreetMap中建筑的2D几何与特征信息，并生成代表城市垂直结构与材料特性的二维地图。这些地图输入2.5D热传导模拟器，可建模耦合热传递过程，支持多分辨率表面温度随机访问，相较3D等效模拟实现20倍加速。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, defined as a significant increase in temperature in urban environments compared to surrounding areas, is difficult to study in real cities using sensor data (satellites or in-situ stations) due to their coarse spatial and temporal resolution. Among the factors contributing to this effect are the properties of urban materials, which differ from those in rural areas. To analyze their individual impact and to test new material configurations, a high-resolution simulation at the city scale is required. Estimating the current materials used in a city, including those on building facades, is also challenging. We propose HeatMat, an approach to analyze at high resolution the individual impact of urban materials on the UHI effect in a real city, relying only on open data. We estimate building materials using street-view images and a pre-trained vision-language model (VLM) to supplement existing OpenStreetMap data, which describes the 2D geometry and features of buildings. We further encode this information into a set of 2D maps that represent the city's vertical structure and material characteristics. These maps serve as inputs for our 2.5D simulator, which models coupled heat transfers and enables random-access surface temperature estimation at multiple resolutions, reaching an x20 speedup compared to an equivalent simulation in 3D.
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