攻击者通过微调评分模型权重,可轻易操控高维离线强化学习评估结果。
Efficient Adversarial Attacks on High-dimensional Offline Bandits
- 设计新型攻击模型:在高维空间中扰动评分模型权重以操控带状评估行为。
- 实验证明:微小不可察觉的权重扰动即可使评估成功率接近100%。
- 适用于评估生成模型的高维场景,如图像美学与构图质量评测系统。
带状算法近年来成为评估机器学习模型(包括生成图像模型和大语言模型)的强大工具,可通过高效筛选避免全面对比。这些方法通常依赖于公开权重的奖励模型(如Hugging Face平台提供)作为反馈来源。在线评估成本高昂且需多次试验,而基于日志数据的离线评估更具吸引力。然而,离线带状评估的对抗鲁棒性仍基本未被探索,尤其是攻击者在带状训练前对奖励模型进行扰动(而非训练数据)。本文从理论与实证两方面填补这一空白,研究了奖励模型被扰动时离线带状训练的脆弱性。我们提出一种新型威胁模型:攻击者利用高维离线数据操纵带状行为。从线性奖励函数扩展至ReLU神经网络等非线性模型,我们针对两个用于生成模型评估的Hugging Face评价器——一个衡量美学质量,另一个评估构图一致性——开展研究。结果显示,即使是对奖励模型权重施加微小、不可察觉的扰动,也能显著改变带状决策。理论上,我们证明了一个显著的高维效应:随着输入维度增加,成功攻击所需扰动范数降低,使得现代图像评估等应用尤其易受攻击。大量实验表明,朴素随机扰动无效,而精心设计的扰动可达近100%攻击成功率。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Bandit algorithms have recently emerged as a powerful tool for evaluating machine learning models, including generative image models and large language models, by efficiently identifying top-performing candidates without exhaustive comparisons. These methods typically rely on a reward model, often distributed with public weights on platforms such as Hugging Face, to provide feedback to the bandit. While online evaluation is expensive and requires repeated trials, offline evaluation with logged data has become an attractive alternative. However, the adversarial robustness of offline bandit evaluation remains largely unexplored, particularly when an attacker perturbs the reward model (rather than the training data) prior to bandit training. In this work, we fill this gap by investigating, both theoretically and empirically, the vulnerability of offline bandit training to adversarial manipulations of the reward model. We introduce a novel threat model in which an attacker exploits offline data in high-dimensional settings to hijack the bandit's behavior. Starting with linear reward functions and extending to nonlinear models such as ReLU neural networks, we study attacks on two Hugging Face evaluators used for generative model assessment: one measuring aesthetic quality and the other assessing compositional alignment. Our results show that even small, imperceptible perturbations to the reward model's weights can drastically alter the bandit's behavior. From a theoretical perspective, we prove a striking high-dimensional effect: as input dimensionality increases, the perturbation norm required for a successful attack decreases, making modern applications such as image evaluation especially vulnerable. Extensive experiments confirm that naive random perturbations are ineffective, whereas carefully targeted perturbations achieve near-perfect attack success rates ...
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